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Book 







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THE 



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GEOGRAPHY _X-l-~. 

3^ ^ '^ 



OF 



SOUTH CAROLINA : 



BEINR A COMPANION TO THE 



HISTORY OF THAT STATE 



WILLIAM GILMORE SIMMS. 



COMPILED 



FROM THE LATEST AND BEST AUTHORITIES, 



AND DESIGNED FOB 



THE INSTRUCTION OF THE YOUNG. 




CHARLESTON. 
PUBLISHED BY BABCOCK & CO. 



1843. 



ENTERED, 
According to tlie Act of Congress, in the year 1843, 

3y William Gilraore Simms, 

In the Office of the Cletk of the District Court of 
SOUTH CAROLINA. 






PREFACE 



This work is designed as a sequel, or companion, to my History 
of the State of South Carolina. In separating the political and 
social from the geographical history of the state, the object was to 
simplify the subject, and so to preserve unbroken the stream of 
narrative in the former work, as to make its perusal by the youthful 
reader, a pleasure rather than a task. A publication more imme- 
diately contemplating the statistical resources and physical character 
of the country, seems necessary in every point of view, as well to 
the student as the citizen. This publication, it is hoped, will meet 
the requisitions of the two. The materials for such a work are 
very copious, Perhaps no state in the Union has been more accu- 
rately surveyed, or is so excellently illustrated by maps. The 
liberality of the legislature, which has contributed largely to the 
latter, and the industry of Mr. Robert Mills, whose elaborate work 
on the statistics of the state has been freely made use of by the 
writer of this, have left us no reason to complainof any deficiencies. 
Indeed, the only difficulty in the preparation of such a compend as 
the following, is to know what portions will best bear contraction, 
and in what respects omissions will be least detrimental to the value 
of the work. The late census of the state, taken by the local 



IV PREFACE. 

authorities, enables us to speak with more elaborate certainty on 
(he subject of the several district statistics, their population, pursuits 
and products ; and the greatly increased energies of the agricultural 
departments provides us vi^ith additional facts and suggestions, 
vvliich must prove of equal and important interest to the learner 
and inquirer. 

I take leave to inscribe this little volume 



TO 

SOUTHERN TEACHERS: 

MANY OF WHOM HAVE LONG FELT THE WANT OF SUITABLE 

BOOKS FOR THE EDUCATION OF SOUTHERN CHILDREN ; 

ALL OF M'HOM MUST FEEL THE EQUALLY SERIOUS NECESSITY OF HAVING SUCH 
BOOKS PREPARED BY SOUTHERN MEN, 

ACQUAINTED WITH OUR MANNERS AND CHARACTERISTICS— IDENTIFIED 

WITH OUR INTERESTS— AND SPEAKING, AT THE SAME TIME, 

THE LANGUAGE OF PATRIOTISM AND TRUTH. 

THE AUTHOR. 



CONTENTS. 



SOUTH CAROLINA. 

Pago 

Situation, boundaries and extent, . - . . - 9 
Mountains and rivers, ---.-.--10 

Natural History, - -- --- - - - 12 

Fruit and forest trees, birds, fish, &c. ----- 12 

Physical features, ---------14 

Aborigines, 15 

Population, - 16 

Government, .-. 16 

Chief cities, towns, and villages, 17 

Education, pubUc and private, 17 

Morals, manners and religion, . ------ 18 

Public works and buildings, «--.-- 19 

Revenue and resources, ..--._. 20 

Penal code, 20 

Agriculture, commerce and manufactures, - - - - 21 

Commerce, -._ 22 

General summary, — Civil and military history, - - - 23 

Districts, divisions, -------- 28 

Abbeville District, 30 

Barnw^ell, " 34 

Beaufort, " 38 

Charleston, " 43 

City of Charleston, 49 

Domestic exports of South Carolina from 1819 to 1841, - 56 

Chester District, 58 

Chesterfield " - - 61 

Colleton " 64 

Darlington " 69 

EdgefieJd «' 72 



Vlll CONTENTS. 

Page 

Fairfield District, 76 

Georgetown ----------80 

Greenville " - 83 

Horry " 86 

Kershaw " 88 

Lancaster, " 91 

Laurens, '«...------ 95 

Lexington "- ...-..-.98 

Marion " 102 

Marlborough" _.- 104 

Newberry " 108 

Orangeburg " - - - -112 

Pendleton, " (Pickens and Anderson,) - - - - 116 

Riciiland, " - - 122 

Spartanburg " 128 

Sumter, " 132 

Union " 136 

Williamsburg" - 140 

York " 143 

APPENDLX. 

Aggregate population of the state, ----- 147 

Aggregate statistics of the state, June 1, 1840, - . - 151 

Statistics of the early Agriculture and Commerce, - - 169 

Additions and corrections, ------- 173 

Questions, ---------- 177 



NOTE.— ERRATA. 

For the correction of sundry errors, the reader and student will 
please refer to the Appendix, pp. 173 — 175. Some of these correc- 
tions relate to the district boundaries, and are accordingly of vital 
importance. In a future edition, these errors, — the natural result 
of the author's distance from the press, — will receive correction in 
the proper place. 



THE 



GEOGRAPHY 



OF THE 



STATE OF SOUTH CAROLINA. 



SOUTH CAROLINA. 



SITUATION, BOUNDARIES AND EXTENT. 

South Carolina, one of the United States, is bound- 
ed, north by North Carolina ; east by the Atlantic ocean ; 
south-west and west, by the slate of Georgia. Its ave- 
rage length is nearly two hundred miles ; its breadth one 
hundred and sixty. It contains 30,213 square miles, or 
nearly 20,000,000 of acres. The soil of this territory 
has been divided into six classes, viz : — tide swamp, 
inland swamp, high river swamp, salt marsh, oak and 
hickory land, and pine barren. The first two classes 
are adapted to the culture of rice and hemp ; the third 
and fifth to the growth of corn, hemp and indigo ; the 
fourth, or salt marsh land, has been neglected ; the pine 
barren is least productive of all, but possesses, with 
the oak and hickory land, the superior advantages of a 
salubrious climate. Without following a division so mi- 
nute, it will be enough to say, that the territory of South 
Carolina presents an exceeding variety of soil and surface. 
Along the seaboard, and for forty miles into the interior, 
the face of the country is flat and unpromising ; cov- 
ered with extensive tracts of pine barren, swamp and 
savannah ; comprising the most fertile and the most 
sterile extremes of soil. As you ascend towards the 

2 



10 SOUTH CAROLINA. 

center of the state, the country rises into hills of mod- 
erate elevation. Advancing still farther, in a westerly 
direction, it becomes mountainous and very beautiful. 
The first section, which is generally called the lower 
country, includes the sea-islands, which are famous for 
the growth of the finest kinds of cotton, to which they 
impart their name ; and the tide-lands, which are equally 
famous for their valuable crops of rice. The high lands 
of this region are generally poor, — only occasionally 
laced by thin little stripes of great fertility. The cli- 
mate is moist, very changeable, and, during the summer 
and autumn months, extremely unhealthy. 

The region which lies between the tide lands and the 
granite, or mountain ridges, is called the middle coun- 
try ; is more uniform in its temperature than either the 
lower or upper sections ; less healthy in summer than 
the latter, and much more so than the former. In win- 
ter and spring it may be regarded as much more healthy 
than either. All this region is well irrigated by rivers 
£,nd water courses. It possesses, amidst long and bar- 
ren tracts of swamp and forest, many choice spots for 
culture, and yields, in tolerable abundance, the kind of 
cotton which is called upland or short staple. The pro- 
ductions of the state are very generally the same. In 
addition to cotton and rice, which are chiefly the pro- 
ducts of the lower and middle sections, there is a nume- 
rous list of commodities, which show a happy variety in 
the resources of the country. These consist of corn and 
potatoes ; wheat, peas, rye and oats ; tobacco and indi- 
go ; lumber, tar, pitch and turpentine ; oils and silks, and 
many other products, in varying quantity and differing 
value. Amonof the metals and minerals found in the state, 
are gold, iron and lead ; plumbago, pyrites, asbestos ; 
granite, oil and soap stones, and many others. 

MOUNTAINS AND RIVERS. 

A few spurs from the great range of the Blue Ridge 
mountains, penetrate the north west corner of South Car- 
olioa. The most extensive of these is the Saluda moun- 



SOUTH CAROLINA. 11 

tain, which forms the northwest boundary line of the 
state. Detached and prominent spurs project from this 
mountain, and under the several names of Table moun- 
tain, Oconee, Estatoee, Sassafras, Oolenoee, Paris and 
King's mountain, present conspicuous objects of survey 
in the districts which they occupy. The scenery of this 
region is particularly beautiful ; — a pleasing variety of 
rock, valley, cascade and cultivated plain, renders it a fa- 
vorite resort for the summer traveler ; while its bracing 
air and salubrious climate, make it equally attractive to 
the invalid seeking health in a purer atmosphere. 

The rivers in South (Carolina are numerous, and will 
be found hereafter much more valuable than they have 
heretofore proved. The principal are, the Savannah, 
which divides South Carolina from Georgia ; the 
Congaree, the Santee, Wateree, Catawba, Saluda, 
Pedee, Edisto and Waccamaw. Among the smaller 
streams are the Wenee, (Black,) Eswapuddenah, (Broad,) 
Amoyeschek, (Tyger,) Enoree, Kaddipah, (Lynch,) 
Combahee, Salkehatchie, (Saltcatcher,) Pocotaligo, Pa- 
colet, Ashepoo, Stono, Wando and Tugaloo. The Kea- 
wah, (Ashley,) and Etiwan, (Cooper,) are rather arms of the 
sea than mere rivers, and unite in forming the basin and 
harbor of Charleston. Numerous smaller streams, creeks 
and inlets, which are called rivers, traverse the Atlantic 
coast along the south-east border of the state, and afford 
many convenient places of access from the sea ; — bays 
and harbors, which are landlocked by the numerous 
islands among which they lie. The peculiarity of 
the rivers in South Carolina, which distinguishes them 
from those of the north, is the considerable bodies of al- 
luvial soil which line their margins, enlarging as they 
descend, so as, in the main rivers, to be in some places 
several miles wide. These borders are immensely fertile, 
and when reclaimed, far surpass the powers of produc- 
tion in most other soils. In some instances, two thou- 
sand pounds of cotton in the seed, have been raised, in 
these reclaimed tracts, to the acre. 



12 SOUTH CAROLINA, 

NATURAL HISTORY. 

Climate. — The climate of South Carolina, though sub- 
ject to some considerable fluctuations within the few last 
years, is yet very much like that of the West Indies. Six 
or seven months in the year pass without frost. The cold 
is seldom intense. The period of vegetation compre- 
hends seven or eight months. The fruits which mature 
and flourish, are figs, apricots, cherries, nectarines, ap- 
ples, peaches, pears, melons and pomegranates. — 
Oranges are uninjured in ordinary winters. Olives, al- 
monds, pechan nuts, and the sugar cane, succeed in the 
lower parts of the state. To these may be added, as 
fruits of natural and easy growth, blackberries, strawber- 
ries and raspberries ; plums and whortleberries, grapes, 
chestnuts, chinquapins and persimmons. Among the es- 
culent vegetables, which are raised with common dili- 
gence, are English peas, asparagus, green corn, the 
squash, okra, tomato, artichoke, potato and cabbage ; 
beans of all kinds ; beets, carrots and cucumbers. 

The atmospherical phenomena to which South Caroli- 
na is subject, are equally terrible and splendid. Thun- 
der storms are frequent during the summer months ; the 
lightning is close, keen and frequently destructive of life. 
The thunder, during the same period, is a prolonged, 
repeated, and most stunning explosion. In 1775, the 
city of Charleston was visited by one of these storms, in 
which there were five houses, as many ships, and two 
churches, struck by lightning. Earthquakes have been 
felt, but are not frequent. They have never been at- 
tended with danger in South Carolina, But the hurri- 
cane and the whirlwind, to which the climate is also 
subject, have not been equally harmless, 

FRUIT AND FOREST TREES, BIRDS, FISH, &C. 

The botanical wealth of South Carolina is very great. 
She is rich in native and exotic productions ; plants of 
rare and medicinal qualities ; fruits of the most lus- 
cious description ; shrubs, vines and flowers, of exquisite 
beauty, fragrance and variety, and forest trees of the 



SOUTH CAROLINA. 13 

noblest growth and value. Among these may be enume- 
rated, the numerous varieties of the oak, the laurel, the 
ash, the hickory, the gum, the holly, the beech, the 
cypress, elm, pine,- maple, poplar, walnut, bay, syca- 
more and palmetto. But these form but a small part of 
the long and various catalogue. 

The animals, native to the state, are the mammoth, the 
buffalo, catamount and beaver, (all now extinct.) The 
bear, the panther, wild cat, wolf, red fox, red deer, otter, 
moose, squirrel, (gray, black, red, ground, and flying,) 
rabbit, pole-cat, mole, mink, opossum, raccoon, lizard, 
toad, frog, muskrat and weazel. 

The birds are very numerous, and include the follow- 
ing : the eagle, hawk, turkey, owl, cormorant, crane, cur- 
lew, goose, buzzard, crow, wood-pecker, titmouse, creep- 
er, humming-bird, cuckoo, paroquet, jay, jackdaw, star- 
ling, rice-bird, mockiug-bird, nuthatch, pigeon, dove, ro- 
bin, thrush, bulfinch, duck, grosbeak, gannet, sparrow, 
snow-bird, finch, nonpareil, linnet, kingfisher, plover, 
heron, bittern, Indian pullet, sanguillah, pelican, phea- 
sant, partridge, wren, swallow, marten, chatterer, fly- 
catcher, blue-bird, red-bird, titmouse, goat sucker, or 
chuck-will's widow, or Carolina whippoorwill ; snipe, 
woodcock, marsh-hen and flamingo. Of many of these 
birds there are several varieties. Some of them, as the 
goose, some species of the duck, the pigeon, snow-bird 
and a few others, are birds of passage, which visit us 
only at certain times of the year. 

The salt water fish are, the shark, the porpoise, drum, 
bass, cavalli, sheep's head, shad, whiting, porgy, black- 
fish, mullet, herring, skip-Jack, sailor's choice, crocus, 
sole, angel-fish, yellow tail, alewife, &c. 

Those which inhabit fresh waters are, pike, sturgeon, 
trout, bream, rock, mud, perch, suck, cat, gar, soft shelled 
turtle, terrapin, &c. 

Of the shell fish, there are several kinds of large and 
small sea turtle, oysters, crabs, shrimps, clams and mus- 
cles. 

The reptiles are the rattlesnake, viper, copper belly, 
hognose, wampum, horn, thunder, black, chain, glass, rib- 



14 SOUTH CAROLINA. 

bon, moccasin, coach whip, green and bull snakes. The 
bite of some of these is fatal. There are many others 
which may be added to the list. 

The insects are numerous ; — many kinds of worm — 
the snail, the bug, flea, forty legs, cicada, woodlouse, 
cricket, cockroach, beetle, glow-worm, firefly, butterfly, 
moth, ant, fig-eater, bee, wasp, hornet, honey-bee, fly, spi- 
der, sandfly, tick and musquito. 

PHYSICAL FEATURES. 

One half of South Carolina is supposed to be of allu- 
vial formation. The other half primitive. The alluvial 
extends about one hundred miles from the sea coast. — 
The primitive occupies the residue. The proofs of the 
formation of the first, division are abundant. The marine 
shell, limestone, and its attendants, are every where seen. 
The upper boundary of this region is at Shell bluff, on 
Savannah river, in Barnwell district. From thence it 
crosses the state in a nearly direct line, passing through 
the upper edge of Marion district into North Carolina. 
Within the primitive formation is found the granite with 
its attendants. The lower boundary of this region be- 
gins just above Hamburg, on the Savannah river, passes 
a little below Columbia, one mile above Camden, a little 
above Cheraw, and enters North Carolina near Fay- 
etteville. The whole lower country of South Carolina 
was once probably covered by the ocean. The cuts 
made across peninsulas near the sea coast, have laid bare 
whole forests of subterraneous cypress timber. Marine 
shells of great size are found sixty miles from the ocean, 
at a depth of seven feet from the surface, in immense 
quarries, and in a regular vein, or track, which extends to 
the Oconee river in Georgia. No primitive stones or 
rocks are found within one hundred miles from the sea. 
Such as occur are of the shell limestone species, with 
occasional sandstone. These, near the junction of the 
rivers Congaree and Wateree, are mixed with a portion of 
iron ore. The face of the lower country is so uniform 
and level, that the traveler is conscious of no rise, until 



SOUTH CAROLINA. 15 

he approaches the sand hills, about fifty or sixty miles 
from the coast, where he finds a considerable rapid as- 
cent, in the distance of a single mile, of two or three hun- 
dred feet. The country then becomes broken, and so 
continues, with occasional intervals of plain, until we 
reach the foot of the mountains. Here some considerable 
masses from the Alleghany ridge project into the 
state, the summits of which rise, as in the case of the 
Table mountain, nearly four thousand feet above the sea. 
The scenery of this region is equally various and sub- 
lime. The eye never tires of a prospect which is con- 
stantly changing. The mountains which lie between the 
Chatuga and the Estatoe, are lofty, narrow ridges, cover- 
ed with shrubs and trees, with deep valleys between — 
rocky gorges almost totally unfit for cultivation. In these 
gorges are numerous crystal torrents, and from the moun- 
tains are small cascades, and along the fragmentary 
rocks, shallow rivers brawl along in constant foam and 
impatience. The stupendous precipice called the Table 
mountain, is an object of great curiosity and admiration. 
It is a naked rock of granite, almost perpendicular on 
three sides, eleven hundred feet from its base. The wa- 
ters trickling down its sides have worn numerous chan- 
nels, which give its surface a fluted appearance. When 
the sun strikes upon these trickling waters, they seem 
so many showers of brilliants. From this eminence 
the prospect is equally grand and extensive. From one 
point of view, you can see five cascades, of unequal 
size, at a single glance of the eye. 

ABORIGINES. 

South Carolina, at the coming of the European set- 
tlers, was occupied by no less than twenty-eight nations 
or tribes of Indians. The chief of these were the 
Chickasaw, the Cherokee, Catawba, Muscoghee and 
Choctaw. The inferior were the Yemassee, Congaree, 
Santee, Wateree, Saluda, Chickaree and Serratee. — 
These, with the exception of the Catawba, are either 
extinct, or have emigrated to the south-west. Of the 



16 SOUTH CAROLINA. 

Catawba, but a miserable and profligate few remain ; de- 
livered up to the basest indolence, and the most wretch- 
ed drunkenness. The Indian names, which have been 
numerously preserved throughout the state, will show, in 
most respects, the regions which they severally occu- 
pied ; as the Congarees occupied the country which is 
watered by the river ofthat name ; the Santees, the San- 
tee ; the Saludahs, the Saluda ; and so on, with the Wa- 
teree, the Pedee, the Edisto, and many others. 



POPULATION. 

The population of the state of South Carolina, by the 
census of 1840, makes a total of 594,439 inhabitants. — 
Of these, 259,002 are white ; 8,279 free colored, and 
327,158 slaves. Of this number, 200,000 are computed 
to be engaged in agriculture ; 2000 in commerce ; 10,000 
in trades and manufactures ; 500 in the navigation of the 
seas ; 500 in the navigation of canals, lakes and rivers, 
and 1500 in the liberal professions. It is probable that 
all these estimates are too low. 

The militia force of the state consists of five divisions, 
comprising ten brigades and forty-six regiments, and 
numbers about 50,000 men, rank and file. 



GOVERNMENT. 

South Carolina is a representative democracy. The 
people are the sources of power. The right of suffrage 
belongs to all free white citizens not degraded by crime, 
and this principle secures the adoption of equal laws and 
moderate taxation. The government of the state, in its 
several departments, is entrusted to three bodies — name- 
ly, the Legislature, which makes the laws,the Judiciary 
by which they are expounded and interpreted, and the 
Executive, or Governor, by whom they are enforced. — 
The Legislature consists of two chambers; the one a 
Senate, the other, a House of Representatives. The 
senators are forty-five in number, and are elected for a 
term of four years. Each district or parish is entitled 



SOUTH CAROLINA. 17 

to a senator. The members of the House of Repre- 
sentatives are one hundred and twenty-four in number, 
and are elected for two years. A mixed basis of popula- 
tion and property determines the number of delegates 
which are allotted to the several districts. 

The judicial power is vested in ten judges. The 
courts are three in number — Law, Equity and Appeal. — 
The two former are common to all the districts. The 
latter is held only at Charleston and Columbia. 

The executive authority is confided to a Governor, 
and in the event of his death or incompetence, to a Lieu- 
tenant-Governor, who is elected at the same time with 
himself. The Governor, Lieutenant-Governor, Judges, 
Solicitors, Masters and Commissioners in Equity, and 
Treasurer of the State, are elected by the Legislature. 
The election of most other officers has been reserved to 
the people. 

CHIEF CITIES, TOWNS AND VILLAGES. 

Charleston is the metropolis of the state. It lies at 
the junction of the two rivers. Cooper and Ashley. It 
was founded in 1680. It has a population, (the sub- 
urbs or neck, included) of 41,000 inhabitants. {See 
Charleston District.) Columbia is the capital of the 
State. It lies on the east bank of the Congaree river. — 
{see Richland District.) Camden, (see Kershaw Dis- 
trict.) Georgetown, Beaufort, Cheraw, {see Chesterfield 
District.) Hamburgh, {see Edgefield District.) Aiken, 
{see Barnwell District.) Walterborough, {see Colleton 
District.) Greenville, Pendleton, Edgefield and Coosa- 
watchie, {see Beaufort District.) Sumterville, States- 
burg, (see Sumter District.) Lancaster, Barnwell, 
Orangeburg, Abbeville, Yorkville, Spartanburg, Winns- 
boro', Summerville, and many others. 

EDUCATtON, PUBLIC AND PRIVATE. 

The state of South Carolina has shown itself properly 
sensible to the necessity of public education in a country 
where the people govern. The College of the State, at 



18 SOUTH CAROLINA. 

Columbia, was a liberal and fortunate endowment. It 
was establisbed in 1 802, and receives a large annual ap- 
propriation from the Legislature. It has sent forth some 
of the ablest men in the nation. It is now in a highly 
flourishing condition. The officers are a president, six 
professors, and two tutors. There is an annual ap- 
propriation of two thousand dollars for the library, which 
already contains several thousand volumes, well se- 
lected and excellently arranged in a building especially 
devoted to this object. An annual appropriation of near 
forty thousand dollars is made to the free or public 
schools throughout the state ; but the results from this 
appropriation are less satisfactory than that to the col- 
lege. The free school system is only partially success- 
ful. 

The private institutions for educational purposes are 
numerous and valuable. The corporation of Charleston 
have beneficently endowed, and sustain with annual ap- 
propriations, a college and high school, which are well 
governed and are producing excellent results. The 
Medical College of South Carolina, in Charleston, is a 
highly flourishing school of science. 

MORALS, MANNERS AND RELIGION. 

The morals and manners of the South Carolinians, 
have always been regarded as among the best in the 
Union. The early settlers came from good stock at 
home, and, up to the time of the revolution, the young 
men of family were mostly sent to Europe for educa- 
tion. They are characterized by a nice sense of pro- 
priety and honor ; a high, but not haughty carriage, and 
an equal ease and dignity of carriage and expression. — 
The religion of the state is mostly Protestant. The Catho- 
lics are not numerous, but respectable. They have in 
Charleston a Convent and a Theological Seminary. The 
Baptists have a Theological Seminary in Edgefield, the 
Lutherans in Newberry, and, in Columbia, the Synod 
of South Carolina and Georgia have one also. There 
are other schools and seminaries, of different persuasions, 



SOUTH CAROLINA. 19 

in exercise or contemplation, in various other parts of 
the state. 

PUBLIC WORKS AND BUILDINGS. 

The state has appropriated largely, and not always 
with success, to works of internal improvement. Seve- 
ral millions have been appropriated in this way, and 
much of it wasted. Still, something has been gained to 
the comfort of the people, if not to the resources of the 
country. Obstructions have been removed from rivers, 
canals have been dug, and shoals and falls overcome by 
industry and art. A great state road, passing from 
Charleston, by way of Columbia, through the Saluda 
Gap, facilitates communication with Buncombe, North 
Carolina. Numerous causeways, of great length, in va- 
rious parts of the country, have overcome morasses 
which were otherwise impassable. The Santee Canal 
is twenty two miles in length, and a work of great diffi- 
culty, cost and importance. The Charleston and Ham- 
burg Rail Road, was, at one time, the longest work of 
the kind in the world. It is one hundred and thirty-six 
miles in length. This road passes from Charleston to 
Summerville, (22 miles,) to Branchville, (62,) crosses the 
Edisto to Midway, (72,) to Grahamville, (81,) to Black- 
ville, (90,)to Williston,(100,) to Aiken, (120,) and Ham- 
burg, (136.) From Branchville, it extends an arm to 
Columbia, passing by the village of Orangeburg, which is 
80 miles from Charleston, I'rom thence to Lewisville, f 92,) 
thence across the Congaree river, to Gadsden, (11 1,) and 
on to Columbia, a distance from Charleston of 131 miles. 

The public buildings of the state are numerous, gene- 
rally of durable materials and tasteful architecture. — 
Among these is the Lunatic Asylum in Columbia, — a 
building imposing in externals, very spacious, and proof 
against fire. It is large enough to accommodate one hun- 
dred and twenty patients, besides having large corridors, 
hospitals, refectories, parlors, keepers' apartments, sun- 
dry offices, kitchens, and a medical hall. The cost of 
this structure approaches $100,000. The State House, 



20 SOUTH CAROLINA. 

or House of Assemblj'', is a far less valuable and impo- 
sing structure ; built of wood, according to a plan, meanj 
ineligible and obscure. It is something of a reproach to 
the state, that, while making large annual appropriations 
for other objects, a nobler fabric should not be substi- 
tuted for this. The college buildings, also in Columbia, 
are good, solid and spacious fabrics. The library lately 
built, is an architectural improvement upon former plans. 
In Charleston there are several excellent buildings be- 
longing to the state. Such are the Court House, the 
fire proof building in which the archives and public of- 
fices are kept, and the banking house of the state fiscal 
institution. 

REVENUE AND RESOURCES. 

The revenue of the state is chiefly derived from assess- 
ments on lands, negroes, city and town lots, stock in 
trade, dividends from the Bank of the State, &;c. The 
ordinary revenue from these sources, is about four hun- 
dred thousand dollars, and the expenses of the state are 
so regulated as ordinarily to fall within this sum. The 
debt of the state, at this time, may be set down as about 
five millions. The fiscal department is under the man- 
agement of a Comptroller General. There are two 
State Treasurers, one for the upper and one for the lower 
division of the state. 

THE PENAL CODE 

Of South Carolina, with sundry modifications, is that 
of Great Britain. The common law of England has 
been declared by statute, to be of force, except in cer- 
tain enumerated cases. All the statutes of England, 
■which guarantee the right and liberties of the subject, 
are of force in South Carolina. The criminal laws, 
though milder in character than those of Great Britain, 
and perhaps less rigidly administered, are yet supposed 
to need farther modification. A nicer discrimination 
between offences and the proper degrees of pun- 
ishment, seems to be necessary ; and the tendency of 



SOUTH CAROLINA. 21 

public opinion begins to incline towards the adoption of 
the penitentiary system, as a grand agent in the proper 
regulation of this subject ; particularly in bringing about 
the substitution of solitary confinement for life, in lieu of 
the punishment o( death. 

AGRICULTURE, COMMERCE AND MANUFACTURES. 

The statistical returns of 1840, give 200,000 persons 
as the number employed in agriculture in South Caroli- 
na. This is probably much below the true number. We 
are of opinion, that two thirds of the state are thus em- 
ployed, in one or other of the departments of rural in^ 
dustry. In the lower districts, the labors of the field are 
chiefly performed by slaves. The proportion of whites 
to blacks is, therefore, comparatively small in several of 
these districts. In the middle country, the population is 
very equally composed of white and black. In the upper 
districts, the proportion is greatly in favor of the former. 
The slaves are very prolific, increasing in greater pro- 
portion than the whites ; a sufficient proof of the mild- 
ness of their servitude and labor. Tha agricultural in- 
dustry of the country, though resulting in temporary suc- 
cess, chiefly from the newness and great fertility of the 
soil, has been of that injurious kind which has tended 
very much to its exhaustion. It is only of late years 
that manure has been employed, and it is not even yet 
made use of generally. The improvement in this and 
other respects, though gradual, is certain. Agricultural 
societies are active, and usefully engaged in all the 
districts, under the direction of able and influential men. 
The State Agricultural Society, which meets annually at 
Columbia, holds a cattle fair and distributes premiums, 
has given a decided impulse to the popular mind on this 
important subject. The staples of Carolina have been 
indigo, tobacco, rice, and cotton. The two former are 
now very little cultivated. Her exports beside, have 
been tar, turpentine, lumber, peltry, &c. These lat- 
ter articles were, during the proprietary government, her 
only exports. Rice was introduced in 1690 from Mada- 

3 



22 SOUTH CAROLINA. 

gascar, and in 1841, the export of this article reached 
110,000 barrels. Indioro was introduced in 1741 from 
Antigua, and at the beginning of the revolution, the ex- 
port of this article was 1 ,200,000 pounds. The first cul- 
tivation of tobacco was introduced sometime prior to the 
revolution, and probably superseded and led to the final 
abandonment of indigo as a staple. It was cultivated 
with profit for twenty years after the war with England. 
Cotton was cultivated as a curiosity in South Carolina, as 
early as 1720, but was adopted slowly into the general 
cultivation. In 1795, the export was about 3,500 bales. 
In 1839, it was 300,000 bales. 

The vine, the olive, and the silk worm, are interests to 
which the people of South Carolina have never done jus- 
tice. It is not improbable that one or other, or all of 
these commodities, will be resorted to, in the compara- 
tive decline of value in the present staple, cotton. There 
are numerous other articles beside these, which would 
reward cultivation in Carolina. The country is fine for 
grazing, and a better attention to stock, horses and sheep, 
will amply recompense the planter for any diminution in 
the value of the great staples. 

Indian corn, or maize, is cultivated with tolerable suc- 
cess. The production of wheat is increasing. Silk, of 
which South Carolina exported ten thousand pounds so 
far back as 1760, is produced in some of the middle dis- 
tricts, and may be increased in all. If ever there was a 
country more particularly designed than any other for the 
raising of the mulberry and the silk worm, it is the pine 
barrens of South Carolina. For the oflScial returns of the 
state census of 1840, which includes a classification and 
summary of its stock, produce, &.c. See Appendix. 

COMMERCE. 

The commerce of South Carolina is not now in her own 
hands. Her produce is unhappily almost entirely car- 
ried off by foreign shipping. In this particular, she has 
uot maintained her position. Her native commerce was 
once very extensive. Some of her first families distin- 



SOUTH CAROLINA. 23 

giiished themselves in the foreign trade, and rendered it 
honorable at home. Some late efforts have been making 
to regain this position, and she now boasts of a few very 
fine and prosperous ships, which ply between Charles- 
ton, Liverpool, London, and Havre. The commercial 
houses of South Carolina, engaged in foreign trade, are 
set down at thirty ; a number, it is thought, rather too low. 
The commission houses are forty-one; retail dry good 
and other stores, twelve hundred and sixty-two. Lumber 
yards and trade, seventeen. The capital invested in 
these several departments, is estimated at ten and a half 
millions of dollars ; the persons employed in them, are 
numbered at twelve to fifteen hundred. — [See Charleston 
District.] 



GENERAL SUMMARY. 



CIVIL AND MILITARY HISTORY. 

1497,] South Carolina is first discovered in 1497, by 
Sebastian Cabot. Her territory is claimed by France, 
England, and Spain, either by right of conquest, pur- 
chase, or discovery ; but no settlement is effected upon 
the soil for nearly seventy years. 

1520.] Lucas Vasquez de Ayllon, with two slave 
ships, enters the Combahee river, and carries two hun- 
dred of the natives of Chickora — as that part of Caroli- 
na was then called by the aborigines — into captivity. 
One of these ships, with all her captives and crew, per- 
ishes at sea. 

1525.] Lucas Vasquez de Ayllon returns this year, 
with a large fleet, a second time to the river Combahee. 
His largest ship founders in that river ; his people set 



24 SOUTH CAROLINA. 

upon by the natives and massacred. His own fate 
doubtful. 

1562.] In this year, France sends out a colony of 
Protestant Christians, who settle on or about Port Roy- 
al island, in the harbor of that name. This colony gives 
names to the rivers, Broad, May, and Port Royal. Op- 
pressed by privation and mutiny, the company abandons 
the settlement in the following year, and returns to 
France. 

1564.] A second colony of French Protestants ar- 
rives, but, discouraged by the late of the first, they set- 
tle at a station to the south of it, the precise location be- 
ing doubtful. This settlement is destroyed by the Span- 
iards, and the Frenchmen cruelly murdered. 

1670.] No permanent settlement of Carolina, by Eu- 
ropeans, takes place until 1670, when a small body of 
English emigrants, under William Sayle, arrives at Port 
Royal island. Hence they remove [1671] to Ashley 
river, where they establish old Charlestown. From this 
spot they again remove, in 1679, to the tongue >of land 
called Oyster Point, formed by the confluence of the 
rivers Keawah and Etiwan, now known as Ashley and 
Cooper, where they founded the present city of Charles- 
ton. 

1680.] The first Indian war takes place, which near- 
ly ruins the colony. 

1682.] A colony from Scotland, under lord Cardross, 
settles at Port Royal. 

1686.] The settlers at Port Royal dislodged and dis- 
persed by a body of Spaniards from St. Augustine. 

1690] Popular discontents with the proprietary gov- 
ernment. 

1702.] Governor Moore undertakes a military expe- 
dition against the Spaniards of Florida. 

1703.] War with the Apalachian Indians. 

1706 ] The French and Spaniards make a combined 
attack on Charleston and are defeated. 

-.] Colonel Palmer, of South Carolina, with three 

hundred men, makes a successful incursion into Florida. 



SOUTH CAROLINA. 25 

1710.] The Free School system first established. 

1712.] A dangerous conspiracy of the North Caroli- 
na Indians, defeated by colonel Barnwell. 

1715.] The Yemassee war, which threatens the de- 
struction of the colony ; the Indians defeated by gov- 
ernor Craven. 

1720.] The proprietary government thrown olT; that 
of the crown established. 

1728.] Wars with the pirates, who are destroyed. 
A dreadful hurricane ; the tide overflows Charleston. 

1740.] Charleston half destroyed by fire. 

1741.] Indigo first planted. 

1752.] A dreadful hurricane. 

1760] Camden laid out. 

1769.] South Carolina divided into seven precincts, 
viz : — Charleston, Georgetown, Beaufort, Orangeburg, 
Cheraw, Camden, and Ninety-Six. 

1774.] First act passed to oppose royal usurpation by 
force. 

1775.] Prohibition to import British goods. The 
people enter into association for the defence of their 
rights. First military force raised for defence of the 
colony against the crown. 

1/76.] Battle of Fort Moultrie, and defeat of the 
British fleet. 

.] Constitution framed — the first of the union. 

.] Indians and tories defeated in the interior. 

1777-8.] South Carolina enjoys a lucrative com- 
merce. 

1779.] The British defeated at Port Royal by general 
Moultrie. 

.] Col. Pickens defeats the British and tories. 

1779 ] Charleston beleaguered by general Provost — 
summoned — refuses to surrender. Provost retires on the 
approach of general Lincoln. 

. ] Battle of Stono, between Lincoln and Pro- 
vost. A French force under count D'Estaing, with the 
American under Lincoln, assault Savannah and are de- 
feated. 

3* 



26 SOUTH CAROLINA. 

1780.] Charleston besieged by sir Henry Clinton — 
is taken after a leaguer of six weeks. Fort Motte taken 
by general Marion. Battle of Camden between general 
Gates and lord Cornwallis ; the former defeated with 
great loss. Colonel VVilliams defeats the British at 
Musgroves' mill. Sumter defeated at Fishing creek by 
Tarleton. General Marion is victorious in several battles 
with the tories. Battle at King's mountain — the British 
under colonel Ferguson defeated with great loss. Sumter 
gains several victories over the British and tories at 
Broad river and Blackstock's. 

1781.] Battle of the Cowpens ; Morgan defeats 
Tarleton with great loss. Frequent victories of the par- 
tizans, Sumter, Marion, Taylor, Harden and others, over 
the British and tories. The American cavalry surprized 
and routed at Monk's corner by Tarleton. 

.] General Marion, with colonel Lee, takes Fort 

Watson. Battle of Hobkirk's Hill. Lord Rawdon 
evacuates Camden. General Greene besieges the British 
post at Ninety-Six ; assaults it ; raises the siege on the 
approach of Rawdon. Greene offers battle to Rawdon 
at Orangeburg ; he declines. Captain Eggleston captures 
the British horse near the Saluda. General Sumter expels 
the British garrison from Biggins' church. Colonel Isaac 
Hayne captured and executed by the British. Battle of 
the Eutaws ; the British defeated with great loss. Gene- 
ral Pickens invades the Cherokee country, conquers and 
makes them sue for peace. Greene surprises the British 
at Dorchester. 

1782.] General Gist attacks the British force at Com- 
bahee ferry ; Colonel Laurens slain. The British evacu- 
ate Charleston. 

1783.] Charleston incorporated. 

1785.] The Methodists first establish themselves as 
a church. 

178G.] Columbia founded as the seat of government, 
and laid out as a town. 

1790.] The present constitution of the State ratified 
at Colunibia, June 3. 



SOUTH CAROLINA. 27 

1791.] Right of primogeniture abolished. The Ro- 
an Catholics first establish themselves as a church. 
General Washington visits South Carolina. 

1792.] Orphan House established in Charleston. 

1794.] Cotton first exported, 

1798.] The state divided into twenty-four districts, 
counties and parishes ; and subsequently into the present 
number, twenty-eight districts. 

1800.] County courts abolished ; district courts es- 
tablished in the several districts. 

1804.] Dreadful hurricane, which destroys a vast 
amount of property. 

1807.] Right of suffrage extended to all citizens. 

1811.] Establishment of general free school system. 

1812.] Bauk of the State created. 

1821.] Hamburg founded. 

1822.] Destructive hurricane, with loss of life, in 
the low country. Insurrection among the negroes of 
Charleston discovered, defeated and punished. 

1824.] The courts of law new modelled. General 
Lafayette revisits Carolina. 

1827.] Legislature of South Carolina passes resolu- 
tions against the protective tariff of the United States, as 
unconstitutional. 

1830.] South Carolina enacts an ordinance to declare 
null and void an act of Congress, imposing duties, &c. 

1833.] Counter proclamations of president Jackson 
and governor Hayne, on the subject of nullification. 

1839.] State Agricultural Society established. 

1840.] Governor Noble dies ; is succeeded by lieu- 
tenant-governor Henegan. 

.] John P. Richardson of Sumter, elected, gov- 
ernor. 

1842.] James H. Hammond, of Barnwell, nominated 
as governor : , lieutenant-governor. 



28 



SOUTH CAROLINA. 



DISTRICTS, DIVISIONS. 

South Carolina is divided into twenty-eight districts, 
namely, — 



11, Georgetown, 

12, Greenville, 

13, Horry, 

14, Kershaw, 

15, Lancaster, 

16, Laurens, 

17, Lexington, 

18, Marion, 

19, Marlborough 



20, Newberry, 

21, Orangeburg, 

22, Pendleton, 

23, Richland, 

24, Spartanburg, 

25, Sumter, 

26, Union, 

27, Williamsburg 

28, York. 



1, Abbeville, 

2, Barnwell, 

3, Beaufort, 

4, Charleston, 

5, Chester, 

6, Chesterfield, 

7, Colleton, 

8, Darlington, 

9, Edgefield, 
10, Fairfield, 

One of these districts, Pendleton, is again divided, for 
judicial purposes only, into two other districts, namely, — 
Anderson and Pickens. There is yet a minuter division 
of certain of the districts into parishes, with the view to 
convenience, and a more easy and equal distribution of 
political power of the state. The districts so divided, are 
Charleston, Colleton, Beaufort, Orangeburg and George- 
town. Charleston, contains ten parishes, namely, — St. 
Andrew, Christ's Church, ISt. James, (Goose creek,) St. 
James, (Santee,) St. John, (Berkley,) St. John, (Colle- 
ton,) St. Michael, and St. Philip, (these form the city 
and suburbs of Charleston, St. Stephen and St. Thomas. 
These parishes are independent divisions, which elect 
their own members, and regulate themselves by distinct 
municipal laws. 

Colleton contains three parishes, namely, — St. Bar- 
tholomew, St. George, and St. Paul. 

Beaufort contains four parishes, namely, — St. Hele- 
na, St Luke, St. Peter, and Prince William. 

Georgetown comprises the two parishes of All-Saints 
and Prince George, (Winyaw.) 

Orangeburg is subdivided into the two parishes of St. 
Matthew and Orange. 

All of these parishional divisions were originally those 
of church government. They are continued now for 



SOUTH CAROLINA. 29 

political convenience. The parishes are twenty-one in 
number. 

The conorressional districts of South Carolina, ac- 
cording to the present representative ratio, are nine in 
number, viz — .1. The district of Charleston. 2. The 
districts of Colleton and Beaufort. 3. The districts of 
Georgetown, Horry, Marion, Marlborough, Williams- 
burgh, and Darlington. 4. The districts of Barnwell, 
Orangeburg, Lexington, and Richland. 5. Edgefield 
and Abbeville. 6. Pendleton and Greenville. 7. Spar- 
tanburg, Union, York, and Chester. 8. Lancaster, Ker- 
shaw, Sumter, and Chesterfield. 9. Fairfield, Newberry, 
and Laurens. 

A new apportionment of the congressional districts 
will be required under an act of Congress, by which the 
representation of South Carolina will be reduced from 
nine to seven members. 



ABBEVILLE DISTRICT. 



Abbeville District is bounded on the south-west by 
the Savannah river, on the north-east by the Saluda, on 
the south-east by Edgefield district, and on the north- 
west by Pendleton. It lies within the granite region. — 
The soil is most generally clay, covered with a rich 
mould, and sometimes mixed with sand and gravel. The 
length of the district is thirty-two miles ; breadth, thirty- 
one ; and comprises 634,880 square acres. The climate 
is mild and agreeable throughout the year, and resem- 
bles, in some degree, that of the south of France. The 
silk worm was cultivated at one period with great suc- 
cess in this district, but has yielded to the greater pro- 
fitableness of cotton. The diseases are not acute ; the 
instances of extreme old age are numerous. Cotton 
is the principal market production ; but corn, wheat, 
barley, hay, tobacco, wool, and a profitable and useful 
variety of other articles are raised, in considerable quan- 
tities. [See return of Ce7isus for 184:0.] This district is 
well calculated for farming, and by a good manuring sys- 
tem, which is now very much adopted, the soil will be 
nourished and improved. The face of the country is hilly 
and picturesque. The lands are broken and undulating ; 
in places abrupt and precipitous. There is an abun- 
dance of granite in the district ; freestone, and a quarry 
of the species of oil or Turkey stone, has been worked 
to advantage. The timber trees are of a fine and noble 
growth, consisting of oaks, (the white, red and Spanish,) 
chesnut and poplar, black walnut, curled maple, wild 
cherry, hickory, dogwood, and many others. The pine 
is scarce and inferior. The fruit trees are the peach, 
apple, quince, cherry and plum ; grapes, chesnuls, mul- 
berries, &c. 



ABBEVILLE DISTRICT. 31 

The water courses are numerous and important. — 
Bounded on two sides by navigable rivers, Abbeville is 
intersected by several smaller streams, which furnish wa- 
ter at all seasons, manufacturing and mill seats in abun- 
dance, and a good variety of fish. Among these are the 
Sapona, the Seraw, and Rocky river, besides many others 
of equal importance. It is to be regretted that so few of 
the Indian names of streams and places are preserved. 
In place of them we have such names as Hard-Labor, 
Broad-Mouth, and Cuffy-Town, which scarcely do justice 
to the pleasant and useful creeks and water courses, with 
which they are coupled. This district was originally a 
part of the great inheritance of the Cherokees. Game 
is scarce, as well birds as beasts ; the necessary effect 
of a rapid increase of population. In 1800, the popula- 
tion of this district was 13,500. In 1840, it is 29,329. 
It is entitled to one senator and five representatives in 
the state Legislature. 

Abbeville is the chief town. It is the seat of justice, 
in the center of the district, is pleasantly situated, two 
hundred miles from Charleston and eighty from Colum- 
bia, and contains five hundred inhabitants. It is well 
laid out ; contains, besides the court house and jail, an 
arsenal and magazine, and about fifty dwelling houses. 
The buildings are good, and the town is laid out with 
neatness. There are several other towns, such as 
Cokesbury, a flourishing place of near 300 inhabitants, 
and Greenwood, which is also a thriving village. 
Vienna, Hampton and Willington, are generally un- 
prosperous, in decay, and of little note. The village 
of Cambridge, containing a few houses, stores and tav- 
erns, is only remarkable as being upon or near the site 
of one of the most conspicuous of our country settlements 
before and during the war of the revolution. Here stood 
the fortress and village of Ninety-Six, in the district 
then of the same name, — a name derived from the dis- 
tance which it bore to the frontier fort of Prince Georgre. 
It stands in the eastern quarter of Abbeville, near the 
borders of Edgefield, and within six miles of the Saluda 



32 ABBEVILLE DISTRICT. 

river. The village was one of size and considerable im- 
portance. The fortress, a portion of the ruins of which 
are still to be seen, was one which overawed the neigh- 
borhood on every hand, and through this influence be- 
came a recruiting fort for the British during the war, in 
which they accumulated levies in great numbers from 
among the tories, and from which they sent forth, night 
and day, their predatory bands for plunder and rapine. 
There was no portion of the state which suffered so much 
during the war, as this district. No one place that be- 
came of more importance to the success of either party in 
the interior. At length it was beleaguered by general 
Greene. The American mine is still to be traced, and 
may be followed for near thirty yards. The place was re- 
lieved by general Rawdon ; but after a brief interval, was 
abandoned by the British. Soon after this evacuation, 
the fort of Ninety-Six and the surrounding country were 
suddenly invaded by the Cherokee Indians. These were 
chastised by general Pickens, who gathered the militia, 
defeated and drove the savages, pursued them into their 
own country, and retaliated upon them by the burning of 
fourteen of their towns, killing many of their warriors, 
and taking a greater number captive. A banditti of 
tories, disguised as Indians, about the same time made 
a similar fray into the district, and from these cruel cir- 
cumstances, Cambridge seems never to have recovered. 
It is sparsely settled, but still possesses the attractions 
of a noble site, commanding elevation, agreeable scenery, 
and the traditions of past events of great interest and 
importance. It has been proposed to erect a monument 
on the spot, in honor of the patriotic deeds by which it is 
distinguished. 

The first settlement in Abbeville was made in 1756. 
Two hundred French emigrants followed in 1764, and 
from these the district is supposed to have received its 
name, after a town in France. The inhabitants are Pres- 
byterians, Methodists, Baptists and Episcopalians. The 
first sect is the most numerous, and exercised at an ear- 
ly period, a considerable influence in the educational es- 



ABBEVILLE DISTRICT. 33 

tablishments of the district. Abbeville was the place of 
education for a great portion of the upper country, until 
Columbia rose into her present important position as a 
central seat of learning. 

The Clarke and Erskine Seminary, at Due West 
Corner, in this district, is a new and promising institu- 
tion ; the first commencement of which took place in 
Sept. 1842, with high credit to the faculty and pupils. 

Abbeville has produced several eminent men, who have 
done honor to the whole country. Patrick Calhoun was 
a man of strong intellect and influence, and has been 
styled the patriarch of the district. General Pickens was 
one of our most successful partisan warriors ; general 
Robert Anderson was another. Their names are written 
on many a battle field of Carolina. Colonel Williams, 
who fell at King's mountain, was also a native of this 
district; and the list besides, of dead and living persons, 
natives of Abbeville, who have become famous in our 
history, is unusually large. 



BARNWELL DISTRICT. 



Barnwell is bounded on the north and north-east by 
Orangeburg ; on the south-east by Beaufort and Colleton ; 
on the south-west by the Savannah river ; on the west 
by Edgefield. It is forty-eight miles in length, thirty in 
breadth, and contains 921,600 acres. The soil is light 
and sandy, bottomed on clay ; the rich lands border the 
creeks and rivers. Portions of them are very fertile. 
The productions are cotton, lumber, corn, wheat, pota- 
toes, rye, &c. 

The face of the country is generally level ; occasionally 
broken by gentle hills, and interspersed with numerous 
ponds, in which the waters are always limpid, supposed 
to be supplied by secret springs from below. Many of 
these ponds, having become filled up in the progress of 
years, present the appearance of so many natural mea- 
dows, not unlike the prairies of the west. This district 
lies below the granite region, and has none of that rock, 
unless in its extreme north-west angle, where it slightly 
dips into the primitive formation. Freestone abounds on 
the Edisto. Shell limestone is also found in considerable 
quantity. 

The timber trees are oak, hickory, pine, cypress, pop- 
lar, ash, gum, cedar, dogwood, sassafras, &c. The pine 
forests are unusually extensive in the high lands, and 
the cypress in the swamps. The fruit trees are the 
apple, peach, pear, plum, cherry ; grapes, melons, straw- 
berries, &c. are in abundance. The whole country, 
indeed, seems naturally designed for the grape, the silk- 
worm and the olive. 

Barnwell is a well watered district. The Edisto 
washes the north-eastern side, is famous for its lumber, 
and is navigable for good sized boats ; — the Savannah 



BARNWELL DISTRICT. 35 

borders it on the south-west, which admits the passage 
of large steam boats the whole length of the district. It 
is penetrated, and partially traversed in the center by the 
Salkehatchie, the main stream of which is now opened 
by art, for the passage of rafts and small boats. Besides 
these, there are many smaller streams by which the 
district is abundantly watered. Such are the smaller 
Salkehatchie, an arm from the greater stream ; the 
Three Runs, Jackson's Branch, and the head branches 
of the Coosawhatchie. The Clear Ponds are bodies of 
water, like lakes, of considerable depth and circumfer- 
ence, at once beautiful to the eye, and of never failing 
resource in the dryest seasons. The Savannah and- 
Edisto rivers are famous for their fish. In the former the 
shad ; in the latter, the trout, rock and cat, are found in 
great abundance. The smaller streams also yield many 
fine varieties, trout, perch, bream, red-horse, &c. 

The climate of Barnwell, except in the immediate 
neighborhood of the river swamps, is considered healthy. 
In these situations, bilious fevers prevail in autumn. The 
temperature is mild and warm ; the air during the winter 
and spring is particularly congenial to those troubled with 
pulmonary affections. The town of Aiken is a famous 
retreat for persons suffering from these complaints, partic- 
ularly in the summer. Another place of summer resort 
is Boiling Springs. 

Barnwell district once formed a part of Orangeburg. 
It was known as Winton. It was first, but imperfectly, 
settled in 1704. In 1800, it was made an independent 
judicial district. Its population has advanced with far 
greater rapidity than most of the other districts of the 
state. In 1800, it had a total of 7,286 persons ; in 1820, 
14,750; by the census of 1840, it has 21,471. It is 
entitled to one senator and four representatives in the 
state legislature. [See statistics of 1840.] 

This district is making large strides towards improve- 
ment. A more various and better cultivation of the soil 
is in progress. A greater attention is paid to the edu- 
cation of the young. An agricultural society has been 



36 BARNWELL DISTRICT. 

established, which holds frequent meetings and an annual 
fair at the district town. In the town of Aiken, a military, 
scientific and classical school has just been established ; 
and there are numerous other schools at Boiling Springs, 
Barnwell, Aiken and other places. The poor house fund 
is appropriated to the support of an establishment ; but 
the poor are not numerous. The religious denominations 
are chiefly the Baptists, the Methodists, and Presbyte- 
rians. There is a Roman Catholic church at the town of 
Barnwell, but the community is small. 

The chief towns are, Barnwell, (which is the district 
town,) Aiken, Blackville and Grahamville. There are 
several smaller settlements, such as Williston and Mid- 
way. All of these, with the exception of Barnwell, are 
upon the line of the Charleston and Hamburg rail road, 
which runs nearly fifty miles through this district. Barn- 
well is a pleasant village, near the center of the district, 
sixty miles from Columbia, and one hundred from Charles- 
ton. It contains the court-house, jail, an academy, some 
handsome private dwellings, and about 750 inhabitants. 
It is stationary. 

Aiken, which is one hundred and twenty miles from 
Charleston, is a place of considerable and increasing 
importance. It is remarkable for its health, its bracing, 
dry atmosphere, which makes it a place of retreat for 
invalids. Being in the line of rail road, intersected by 
stage routes for the mountains, it is almost equally easy 
of access from Charleston, Augusta and Greenville. It 
possesses a number of fine dwelling-houses, several 
churches, several excellently kept taverns, and is partic- 
ularly famous for its Coker spring, a fountain of delicious 
water, which is equally cold and unfailing. 

Blackville is a flourishing village, with several stores, 
and about 150 inhabitants. It is ninety-one miles from 
Charleston, and ten to Barnwell court-house. 

The history of Barnwell district, during the revolution- 
ary war, is almost a blank. It was then little more 
than a frontier, with very few inhabitants, unexplored, 
and without public roads. The most important settle- 



BARNWELL DISTRICT. 37 

ment was Fort Dreadnought, afterwards Fort Galphin, at 
Silver Bluff. This fort was established by the old colo- 
nial government as a check upon the Indians. The tribe 
of Euchees occupied the neighborhood. Galphin, a 
famous Indian trader, lived here for many years. Silver 
Bluff is one of the curiosities of the district. It rises 
many feet perpendicularly above the Savannah river, 
which winds along its base. This steep bank, rising 
thus abruptly, discovers many curious strata of earth, 
mixed with different clays and shells ; — and earths appa- 
rently of an aluminous or vitriolic nature. Here also are 
found pyrites, sulphurous and other fragments, shining 
like brass ; as also petrified sticks, limbs and trunks of 
trees ; leaves, acorns and their cups, — all of which are 
as hard and shining as charcoal. 



BEAUFORT DISTRICT. 



Beaufort District forms the south-western corner 
of the state. It is bounded on the north-east by Colleton ; 
on the north-west by Barnwell ; on the south-west by 
the Savannah river ; and on the south and south-east by 
the Atlantic ocean. The length of the district, from 
south to north, is fifty-eight miles ; breadth from east to 
west, thirty-three miles; it contains 1,224,960 acres. 
It comprises four parishes ; viz : — St. Helena, St. Luke, 
St. Peter and Prince William, 

The soil is equally various and valuable. Nearly one 
half of the territory is rich swamp land, susceptible of 
easy improvement, and capable of great production. 
Rich, deep, broad tracts of loam, border the numerous 
streams and rivers, in some places of inexhaustible fer- 
tility ; but its population is not sufficiently dense for 
its adequate improvement and reclamation. The high 
lands between the swamps are of a light but productive 
nature ; chiefly of sand, bottomed upon clay, which lies 
about two feet deep. The numerous islands which stud 
the Atlantic margin of this district, are also of a light, 
sandy, but fertile description. These islands are numer- 
ous ; some of them famous for their production of long 
staple cotton, to which they give their name of sea- 
island ; others are almost equally famous among the res- 
idents, as hunting grounds. Many of them are beautiful 
to the eye and salubrious as well as rich. A few of the 
most remarkable may be named. Upon the sea-coast are 
Reynolds', Prentis, Chaplin, Edings, Hilton, Dawfuskie 
and Turtle. Between these and the main, are St. 
Helena, Pinckney, Parris, Port Royal, Ladies, Bermuda, 
Morgan, Calwassee, Lemon, Coosaw, and many others. 
The rivers are equally numerous. The shores are in- 



BEAUFORT DISTRICT. 39 

dented by numerous arms of the sea, and navigable 
water courses are frequent. The principal are, the 
SaA^annah, Broad, Combahee, Coosaw, Port Royal, May, 
Colleton, Morgan, Bull, Cooper, Chee-chee-see and Tu- 
lifinnee. The Broad is an arm of the sea, an extraordi- 
nary body of water, forming a bay, or sound, in some 
places more than two miles wide. 

The face of Beaufort district is uniformly level. The 
climate, though moist and hot, is healthy compared with 
the other districts on the sea-board of South Carolina. 
Its sea-islands are supposed to be quite healthy, and the 
sand ridges between the swamps and water courses are 
equally so. The town of Beaufort has always been re- 
markable for the health and longevity of the inhabitants. 

Beaufort lies within the alluvial country, and is without 
rock of any kind. There is a hard substance occasion- 
ally found, resembling marble, which is evidently formed 
of shells. A rock of this substance lies at the junction 
of the rivers New and Cooper. Shells and the remains of 
mariae animals are found in abundance. 

The waters, salt and fresh, abound in the finest fish. 
In the former are caught, drum, bass, black, sheep's-head, 
whiting, cavalli, mullet, sailor's-choice, &;c. — of shell- 
fish, sea-turtle, oysters, crabs, shrimps, &;c. The fresh 
Avaters produce, pike, perch, and other varieties. 

The timber trees are, live and other oaks, pine, cy- 
press, red-cedar, hickory, magnolia, palmetto, poplar, 
beech, birch, ash, <fec. Of the fruit trees there are, the 
orange, sweet and sour; peach, nectarine, fig, and cherry. 
The grapes and fruit berries are numerous. 

The game, beasts and birds, includes, — of the former, 
the deer, wild cat, fox, otter, squirrel, rabbit, opossum, 
raccoon, &c. — of the latter, the eagle, hawk, crow, owl, 
parroquet, rice-bird, duck, turkey, pigeon, curlew, flamin- 
go, woodcock, goose, dove, &c. 

The singing birds are, the mocker, nonpareil, blue-bird, 
linnet and red-bird. 

The serpents are, the rattle-snake, viper, black, mocca- 
sin, copper, water, &:c. The alligator, in great size and 
number, inhabits the fresh and brackish waters. 



40 BEAUFORT DISTRICT. 

The productions of Beaufort are, cotton, (long and 
short,) rice, Indian corn, wheat, oats, rye, barley and po- 
tatoes. Sugar and indigo have been raised at particular 
periods. Castor oil is still produced in small quantities. 
There is a good winter and summer pasturage for cattle. 
The domestic manufactures are few ; and the commerce 
of the district is confined to a few sloops and schooners 
in the coastwise trade. 

Beaufort district is remarkable in the history of the 
state, as being the seat of the earliest settlements ever 
made in the country. The French or Huguenot colonies, 
under Ribault and Landonniere, were made in this dis- 
trict in 1562. They made settlements on St. Helena, 
and other places, but were destroyed by the Spaniards 
under Melendez. Their history is a singularly interest- 
ing one. Remains of their settlements, old forts, and 
even cannon, have been found. Some portions of the 
forts may be seen to this day. 

The English, in 1670, under Sayle, made settlements 
at St. Helena, which they abandoned for Ashley river. 

In 1682, lord Cardross attempted a settlement at Port 
Royal island, with a small colony from Scotland, which 
was dislodged by an invasion of Spaniards from St. Au- 
gustine. The first permanent settlement was made in 
1700. Beaufort no doubt owes its name to a French 
origin. 

The population of the district is 35,800. It sends one 
senator from each of its four parishes, and eight repre- 
sentatives to the state legislature. 

The literary and educational institutions of Beaufort 
are good. The intellectual reputation of the people is 
very high. In the town of Beaufort there is a valuable 
library, and a highly refined and well educated society. 
The Baptists are the most numerous religious sect. 
There are also respectable communities of Episcopa- 
lians, Methodists and Presbyterians. 

Beaufort is the principal town in the district. It lies 
at the head of Port Royal river, is regularly laid out and 
has been handsomely improved. The private dwellings 



BEAUFORT DISTRICT. 41 

are numerous and neat. Its harbor, about fifteen miles 
from the sea, is one of the greatest depth and space in 
the southern country ; but the ease with which it may 
be entered, and the difficulty of fortifying it against an 
enemy, have prevented its being made use of as a govern- 
mental depot ; with a populous and productive interior 
country, Beaufort would seem to be particularly eligible 
as a great commercial seat. The population is about 
1,600. 

Gillisonville is now the district town of the district ; 
formerly it was Coosawhatchie. The unhealthiness of the 
latter place, led to the occupation of the former as the seat 
of public justice. Gillisonville has a fine court-house, jail, 
tavern, and several private dwellings. Coosawhatchie lies 
at the head of sloop navigation on the river, from which 
it takes its name. The name is Indian, and marked the 
site of a populous Indian village. A thriving business 
has been done in this place, the population of which is 
about 250. It is seventy-two miles from Charleston, 
and one hundred and twenty from Columbia. 

The Purrysburg settlement was made by a Swiss 
colony, in 1732. It is well situated, on a high bluff on 
the Savannah river, twenty miles north of the city of 
Savannah. It is a small and not a prosperous village. 

Robertville is a village pleasantly situated on a rising 
ground, "about five miles from the Savannah river, and 
twenty-three miles below the Barnwell line. It is a 
thriving village, with a church, post-office, academy, a 
public library, and carries on a brisk trade with the 
neighboring country. 

Pocotaligo is an old village, established as a place of 
trade long before the revolution. It stands upon the river 
of its own name, in the parish of Prince William. It has 
now dwindled into an unimportant hamlet. In 1712 it 
contained 300 inhabitants. It Avas here that the Yem- 
assee Indians first commenced their bloody operations in 
the famous Indian outbreak of 1715, which threatened 
the destruction of the whole province. The British fort, 
Balfour, at this place, was gallantly captured by an infe- 



42 BEAUFORT DISTRICT, 

rior American force, under colonel Harden. There are 
several other small hamlets, employed as summer retreats, 
in the district ; — Grahamville, Rockspring, McPherson, 
and Heywardsville ; but in winter they are unoccupied. 
Beaufort has been the mother of several very eminent 
men ; among these, William Bull, who was several 
times entrusted with the administration of the provincial 
government. Colonel John Barnwell was a successful 
partisan leader, and distinguished himself against the 
Indians in several wars. Another Barnwell of the same 
name, acquired reputation in the revolution. Colonel 
Robert Barnwell is also favorably known in this war. 
Colonel Harden, also of this district, was particularly 
conspicuous as a cavalry officer, of great acuteness, 
bravery and activity. He was an associate of Sumter 
and Marion, and worthy of such generals. 



CHARLESTON DISTRICT. 



Charleston District is bounded on the north by 
the districts of Sumter and Williamsburg ; on the north- 
east by Williamsburg and Georgetown ; on the south and 
east by the Atlantic ocean ; on the north-west by Orange- 
burg ; and on the west and south-west by Colleton. It is 
the largest district in the state ; contains the metropolis ; 
presents a line of coast on the ocean of seventy-four 
miles ; extends fifty-three miles into the interior, and em- 
braces an area of 1,351,680 acres. In these extensive 
limits are included a large number of valuable islands. 
The most important among these are, Sullivan, James', 
Daniel, Morrison, Bull, Owendaw, Seewee, Edisto, John, 
Wadmalaw, Folly, Seabrook, Keawah, Johassee and 
Copahee. The sea-coast of this district is indented with 
numerous creeks and inlets. The principal rivers are, 
the Santee, Edisto, Ashley, (Keawah,) Cooper, (Etiwan,) 
Wando, Stono, Dawhoo, Wadmalaw, &c. The conflu- 
ence of the Cooper and Ashley, forms the bay and harbor 
of Charleston city. The Cooper, which lies wholly in 
this district, is navigable nearly to its sources. The 
Ashley is navigable for small vessels as far as Bacon's 
bridge. The Santee river, which is one of the most im- 
portant in the state, forms the north and north-eastern 
iDoundary of the district. It is remarkable for the rich 
soil upon its borders ; its productive rice plantations, and 
the frequent freshets by which its low lands are devastated 
for awhile and finally enriched. With its tributaries, 
the Saluda, the Congaree and Wateree, it is navigable 
for more than six hundred miles. The Santee has a 
good steamboat navigation to its junction with the two 
latter rivers. It enters the ocean by two mouths. It is 
famous for its fish. 



44 CHARLESTON DISTRICT. 

The inlets are, those of Charleston, South Santee, Sto- 
no, north and south Edisto, Price, Capers and Dewees. 

The bays are, Bull and Sewee. 

Cape Koman, a well known mark for seamen, is in this 
district. Copakee sound, the only one in the district, 
lies in Christ church parish. 

The soil of Charleston district is of very various char- 
acter, from the richest vegetable and marine mould, to the 
most barren and unproductive sands. The swamps, 
when embanked or reclaimed, are of inexhaustible fer- 
tility. Along the rivers, this character of richness con- 
tinues to mark the soil ; but the upland ridges between 
are poor, consisting chiefly of sands, pine land tracts, now 
and then sprinkled with swamps, green savannahs, and 
small knolls and ridges of vegetable loam, which are very 
productive. This district lies wholly within the allu- 
vial region. The lower part is entirely free from rocks 
or even pebbles, except the shell limestone, which is 
to be seen in many places, particularly in the neighbor- 
hood of Eutaw springs, where it may be found in blocks 
of considerable size. They appear, also, near Harley's 
bridge, on the waters of Four Hole swamp. No minerals 
have been discovered in this district. Occasionally 
there have been some appearances of iron. A quarry 
of iron sandstone, near Pineville, was employed in the 
construction of the locks for the Santee canal. 

The waste lands of this district are very valuable and 
very extensive. They might with ease be made to sup- 
port an additional population of one hundred thousand 
persons. Unhappily, the climate, in the richest portions, 
is unfavorable to European life. These waste lands 
consist of unreclaimed swamp and marsh, deserted rice 
fields, inland bays, and a large extent of pine barren. 
Proper draining, by a population sufficiently numerous, 
would no doubt greatly improve the health of this now 
neglected region. 

The chief productions are, rice and the several varieties 
of cotton. The soil and climate of Charleston district 
are well adapted, in addition to these, to the growth 



CHARLESTON DISTRICT. 45 

of indigo, flax, madder, maize, rye, barley, &;c. ; potato, 
turnip, tanya, carrot, onion, &c. The garden-farms in 
the neighborhood of the metropolis, are only partially 
maintained in cultivation, and do not supply its wants. 
Large sums are annually and unwisely sent abroad for 
grain, vegetables and forage, which, with proper care 
and diligence, might be raised in ample quantities at 
home. Among the articles thus imported, are, corn, 
hay, cabbages, onions, &c. The pasturage of Charles- 
ton is good; but the yield of beef, mutton, veal, pork, 
poultry, butter, and other commodities of a like nature, 
though considerable, is totally inadequate to the con- 
sumption of the city. 

The forest and fruit trees of this district comprise 
nearly all the varieties which are to be found in any 
other. Among these are, the several kinds of oak, the 
pine, the cypress, the magnolia, the hickory, the gum, 
the palmetto, &lc. The fruit trees are, the peach, the 
pear, the plum, the apple, the orange, the nectarine, the 
lig, &c, — besides the grape, the melon, the may-apple, 
and the usual varieties of fruit-berry. 

The fish of this district are abundant and of many kinds. 
The trout, bream, perch, cat, rock, pike, carp or suck, 
herring, silver, gar and eel, inhabit the fresh waters ; — 
the salt water fish, which are equally plentiful, are 
equally various. Among them are, the shark, porpoise, 
drum, bass, whiting, sailor's choice, cavalli, shad, black, 
porgy, mullet, skipjack, crocus, sheep's-head, &c. The 
shell fish, salt and fresh, are, the turtle, terrapin, crab, 
oyster, clam, shrimp, &;c. The birds and reptiles may 
be found under the head of the natural history of the state, 
and are those, generally, which are found in every part 
of it. 

The climate of Charleston district is mild and agree- 
able in winter ; in summer, hot, moist and unhealthy. 
Along the sea-coast, the temperature during the warmer 
months of the year, is rendered more agreeable by the 
prevalence of the ocean breezes, which also contribute 
to render certain situations upon the sea-board salubrious, 

5 



46 CHARLESTON DISTRICT. 

and highly desirable as places of resort during the sickly 
season. Such is Sullivan's island. The atmosphere is 
generally relieved, when the weather is intensely warm, 
by the almost daily occurrence of grateful showers, ac- 
companied by much thunder and lightning. Along the 
pine ridges, between the water courses, frequent situa- 
tions are found where the most perfect health may be 
enjoyed at all seasons. These are places of resort, and 
form the summer villages of the planters, during the 
months of June, July, August, September and October ; 
at all other periods they are abandoned. 

The district of Charleston is sub-divided into ten 
parishes, viz. — St. Stephen, St. James, (Goose Creek,) 
St. James, (Santee,) St. John, (Berkley,) St. Thomas, 
Christ Church, St. John, (Colleton,) St. Andrew, St. 
Philip and St. Michael. The two last comprise the city 
and suburbs of Charleston. These parishes are consti- 
tuted seperate election and municipal districts. Their 
population, according to the census of 1840, is as follows : 
St. Philip and St. Michael, (comprising the city of 
Charleston and the Neck,) 41,149 ; St. James, (Goose 
Creek,) 4,131 ; St. John, (Berkley,) 10,513; St. Ste- 
phen, 2,483 ; St. James, (Santee,) 2,932 ; Christ 
Church, 2,589 ; St. Thomas, 2,890 ; St. Andrew, 4,434 ; 
St. John, (Colleton,) 11,582; making a grand total of 
82,673. 

Cities and Villages, Charleston is the chief city of 
the district and of the state ; tiie suburb, called the 
Neck, which immediately adjoins the city, is the next 
community in importance, but remains unincorporated, 
and is in all respects, taxation and internal police alone 
excepted, a portion of the city. 

Moultrieville, in Christ Church parish, is at the en- 
trance of Charleston harbor, on Sullivan's island. It 
contains a large summer population, being the place of 
retreat for the citizens of Charleston during the sickly 
season. At such times it has one thousand persons, 
increasing in proportion to the degree of sickness which 
may prevail in the city. It has its churches, market, 



CHARLESTON DISTRICT. 47 

town-hall, mayor and wardens; and a steamboat, and 
sometimes two, plies at intervals throughout the day, 
during the summer, between it and the city. Its exposed 
situation, however — open to the sea — which secures its 
salubrity, subjects it to the unimpeded action of the 
elements; and the storms of September have done fearful 
mischief upon its shores, and sometimes upon its inhab- 
itants ; the island itself, was, in 1822, in danger of bein^ 
submerged ; several lives were lost ; but a change of 
wind and the subsiding of the sea, providentially defeated 
the danger. 

Mount Pleasant, on the east side of Charleston harbor; 
Fort Johnson in St. Andrews parish, and Edingsville on 
Edings island, are agreeable retreats during summer. 
The latter contains two churches and two or three hun- 
dred inhabitants. Pineville, in St. Stephen's parish, has 
a considerable population, and has long been famous as 
a place of healthy summer residence — a character some- 
what impaired in later days. This region was originally 
settled by the French Huguenots, a gentle and noble 
people, whose descendants still maintain the virtues 
which rendered their ancestors so much beloved. The 
remaining villages are few and small ; mostly temporary ; 
used only as contiguous plantation retreats during the 
summer. 

The Indian names of this district, which are still pre- 
served, are numerous, and indicate the various tribes by 
which the country was occupied ; such are the Santee, 
the Wando, the Etiwan, (Cooper,) the Keawah, (Ash- 
ley,) Wappoo, Wassamasaw, Eutaw, VVappelaw, Wap- 
poolaw, Wahkenaw, and many others. 

Charleston district has been well marked by the foot- 
steps of war. Scarce a mile of her territory that has not 
been watered by the blood of her sons. Charleston 
itself has been several times beleaguered. The Indian 
tribes of the south, the Yemassee, the Stono, the Savan- 
nah, and others, have carried their arms to her gates ; 
the Spaniards made a similar approach, bringing the 
Indians with them as allies. Twice was she besieged by 



48 CHARLESTON DISTRICT. 

the British, once by Provost, and the second time, when 
she was captured, by Clinton and Arbuthnot. Many 
were the places throughout the district noted for sharp 
and bloody battles. That of Fort Moultrie is famous ; 
the battle of Eutaw is scarcely less so ; then follow the 
fierce conflicts of Stono, Monk's Corner, Quinby, Big- 
gin, Nelson's, Rantole's, Strawberry ferry, and the 
Quarter house, for all of which see the History of South 
Carolina. Many were her famous names, before, during, 
and since the revolution. She has good reason to be 
proud of her sons ; conspicuous among whom are the 
family names of Moultrie, Rutledge, Marion, Lowndes, 
Drayton, Pinckney, Hugcr, Horry, Grimke, Middleton, 
&LC. She has maintained high rank in politics, in let- 
ters, in arts and sciences. In every department of ex- 
cellence, indeed, she has urged high and indisputable 
claims to rank with the most noble sections of the whole 
nation. 

The militia of Charleston district consists of one 
brigade, comprising four regiments and one battalion of 
artillery. It is entitled to two senators and seventeen 
representatives in the state legislature, and one member in 
the Congress of the United States. 

The natural curiosities of Charleston district are few 
and unimportant. The Eutaw springs are much more 
celebrated as the scene of a fierce revolutionary battle, 
than for their waters. The spring rises through a small 
opening in the earth, only a few inches in diameter, and 
immediately forms a basin of transparent water, a few 
feet deep, but about one hundred and fifty paces round. 
Thence, penetrating a subterraneous passage, it percolates 
through a ridge of porous limestone or concretion of 
large oyster shells, and at a distance of an hundred paces 
or more, boils up, and bubbling through a variety of pas- 
sages, forms the head of Eutaw creek, which, runnincr 
north-westwardly for about two miles, finds its way into 
Santee river. Bones of singular dimensions, belonging 
to some unknown animal, have been found in the neigh- 
borhood of the Santee, in this district, while digging some 
nine feet below the surface. Some idea of the monster 



CITY OF CHARLESTON. 49 

to which the bones belonged, may be formed by the fol- 
lowing : One rib was nearly six feel long, a tooth eight 
inches in length, three and a half in width, with a root of 
eleven and a half inches more. The rest that may be 
said of this district, will be best placed under the head 
of the 

CITY OF CHARLESTON. 

The history of Charleston, if properly written, would 
make a most interesting volume by itself. It has been, 
ia many respects, the mother of the south. Its sons, 
arms and money, have been freely supplied, at almost 
every call, to the sister states and cities. Its troops have 
fought at the gates of St. Augustine, at the waters of Mo- 
bile, by the Roanoke and the Ohio. Conspicuously situ- 
ated for action, it was at once the distinguished mark for 
enemies, the rallying point and place of refuge for friends 
and allies. It was invaded, when in its most infant state, 
by the French and Spaniards, by whom the neighboring 
Indians were continually stimulated to the wild and bloody 
work of murder and insurrection. For a long period, the 
Ashley river settlement was the object of peculiar heart- 
burning to the hostile powers of Europe, and of hope 
and fear, and exultation, to the proprietary and crown 
authorities. 

The city of Charleston is the seat of justice of the dis- 
trict, and the commercial emporium of the state. It is 
well placed for commerce, at the confluence of Ashley 
and Cooper rivers, just where, forming a common mouth, 
they are about to empty themselves into the sea. The 
ocean rolls in sight, as it were before her doors, but six 
miles distant, but shut out from violent intrusion by long 
arms of sand, islands that stretching out on either hand, 
forms a capacious basin, in which the city sits equally 
conspicuous and secure. The rivers which form this 
beautiful bay, run a parallel course for nearly six miles ; 
broadening at every step, and thus gradually narrowing 
the city into a complete peninsula. There are few finer 

5* 



50 CITY OF CHARLESTON. 

objects of sight, of this description, than the bay of 
Charleston. The width of the inner harbor, at its mouth, 
is little over a mile. On either hand, this passage is 
guarded by three fortresses, judiciously placed, to delay 
and destroy an enemy. On one side is Fort Moultrie, on 
Sullivan's island ; on the other side is Fort Johnson, on 
James' island. In front of the city, and partially betvi'een 
it and the entrance, is castle Pinckney. To these a 
fourth is to be added, which is now in progress, formed 
upon a mole, in the sea, and close upon the channel ; a 
structure likely to be more efficient than either of the 
former, in arresting the passage of an enemy. 1'his is 
to be called Fort Sumter, and though as yet incomplete, 
can readily, in the event of any emergency, be made to 
receive another palmetto battery like that which, on the 
28th June, 1776, silenced and gave America her first 
victory over a British fleet, and drove them out to sea in 
disastrous defeat. The outer harbor lying within the 
bar, extends about six miles, — from Sullivan's island 
to the south channel, below the light house. The bar, 
which is one partial source of the security of Charles- 
ton from invasion, is yet a serious obstruction in the way 
of its commerce. It is formed by an accumulation of 
sand banks, which have been deposited from time to time 
by storms, and which are only kept from becoming a 
permanent island by the operation of the tides, the rush 
of the downward rivers, and the land wash in heavy 
rains. There are three channels for entrance to the har- 
bor — the ship channel, which has sixteen feet of water at . 
ebb tide ; the over-all, or middle channel, which has 
twelve to fourteen feet water ; and Lawford's, or the 
south channel, which has but nine feet. Two other 
channels are found, but not used unless by coasters, hav- 
ing not more than from four to eight feet water. The 
ship channel is eleven miles and a half from the city ; 
the middle or direct channel, but seven and a half. The 
approach to the coast is easy, the soundings gradual, 
and on entering the middle channel, you look, free of 
any interruption, directly into the inner harbor, and com- 
mand a complete view of the city, guided by the tall 



CITY OF CHARLESTON. 51 

spire of St. Michael's cliurch, which bears from this point 
about N. 63 W. The light-house, which fronts the ship 
channel, is a lofty brick tower, containing a revolving 
light. 

The latitude of Charleston is 32° 45' N. long. 1° 8' 30" 
E. of Columbia ; 2° 57' 3" W. of the Capitol at Wash- 
ington, and 79° 52' 3" W. of Greenwich Observatory. 

The population of the city of Charleston proper, by 
the census of 1840, is as follows : — White males, 6,826 ; 
white females, 6,203 : total whites, 13,029. Free 
colored males, 584 ; free colored females, 977 : total 
free colored, 1,561. Male slaves, 6,334; female slaves, 
8,339: total slaves, 14,673. Aggregate total, 29,263. 

Charleston Neck. — White males, 1,766 ; white females, 
1,685: total white persons, 3,441. Free colored males, 
525 ; free colored females, 683 : total free colored per- 
sons, 1,208. Male slaves, 3,376 ; female slaves, 3,781 : 
total slaves, 7,127. Aggregrate total, 11,876. Grand 
total of Charleston city and Neck, 41,149. 

The occupations of the people of Charleston are chief- 
ly those of trade and mechanics. A large portion of her 
residents, however, are those who carry on agricultural 
interests in the neighboring parishes. Its first settle- 
ment was in 1671. In its original condition, it was low, 
intersected with numerous creeks and marshes, which 
time and industry have almost entirely reclaimed. The 
growth of the city was tardy from the beginning, dis- 
couraged by war, pestilence and other disasters. In 
1704, the boundaries of the city did not extend farther 
west than Meeting street ; — north, than the present Mar- 
ket street, and south, than Water street. All this re- 
gion was environed by a line of fortifications. Now, the 
whole area, from river to river, is reclaimed and covered 
with dwellings, and from the extreme south point of the 
peninsula, it extends nearly two miles north. Its whole 
eastern extent is now faced with wharves, which are in 
turn lined with solid and spacious fabrics, all of brick, 
devoted wholly to the purposes of trade, and corres- 
ponding with the commerce of the city, and with the 



52 CITY OF CHARLESTON. 

vast bulk and great value of the staple of the country, of 
which the city is the agent. All this extent of wharfing 
may be seen, during the winter and spring, made popu- 
lous with shipping, displaying the flags of all portions of 
the world. The difficulties of the bar once overcome, 
the harbor of Charleston furnishes a safe and spacious 
anchorage, with a depth of water capable of almost any 
burden. The business portions of the city are paved 
with stone, the side walks of brick, and occasionally 
other streets ; but there are still many that remain, and 
need, to share in this wholesome improvement. The 
whole city is penetrated by drains, under ground, by 
which the waters are carried off, and the refuse of the 
streets discharo^ed into the contiguous rivers. 

The city of Charleston was incorporated in 1783. It 
is divided into four wards, all of which are represented 
in a board consisting of a mayor and twelve aldermen. 
Its municipal regulations are very strict and well con- 
ceived. Its quiet at night is rather that of a country vil- 
lage than of a commercial city. This effect is produced 
as much by the high social life among its inhabitants as 
by its police. The city has a military guard or night- 
watch, consisting of more than one hundred men, (some 
of whom are mounted,) with the proper complement of 
officers. A volunteer gaard appears in arms, in the event 
of fire. Charleston has suffered very much from fire. 
Its present excellent regulations, which forbid the erec- 
tion of wooden houses, is calculated to increase her se- 
curities. An additional source of security is in her fire 
companies, which are numerous, very respectable and 
vigilant, emulous in a high degree of each other, and con- 
sist of stout courageous young men, whose equal pride 
and patriotism, stimulate to the most daring performances 
in moments of danger. 

The public buildings of Charleston, are numerous and 
frequently imposing. The public taste in architecture 
has undergone great improvement in late years. Some- 
thing however is still lacking in this respect. St. Mi- 
chael's church steeple, an old British work, stjU claims 



CITY OF CHARLESTON. Oo 

pre-eminence for its exquisite proportions, as well as for 
its great height above all the other public buildings of 
Charleston. St. Philip's, destroyed within a few years, 
has been rebuilt, partially after the old plan, that of the form 
of a cross, but modified with some new improvements. The 
Theatre, Market-House, Jewish Synagogue, Hibernian 
Hall, Charleston hotel, all new structures, are all highly 
creditable to the city and the architects by whom they were 
designed. Numerous other buildings, public and private, 
within a few years, denote great improvement in public 
taste, and a great increase of public enterprise. The 
churches of Charleston are numerous ; and many of them 
very spacious and well planned. Among these, inclu- 
ding St, Michael's and St. Philip's, already mentioned, are 
six devoted to the Episcopal persuasion, three Presby- 
terian ; four Methodist ; one Jewish ; three Roman 
Catholic ; two German ; two Baptist; one Unitarian ; one 
French Calvinist ; oneUniversalist ; one Mariner's ; one 
Congregationalist ; and one Orphan — in all, twenty-t-ux. 
The buildings devoted to public business, are the Court 
House and Exchange, fine old fashioned samples of solid 
workmanship and good proportion ; the Stale Offices, 
(fire proof,) the City Hall, State Citadel, Orphan House, 
Guard House, Charleston Library, Charleston College, 
Theatre, Hibernian Hall, St. Andrew's Hall, Medical 
College, Apprentices' Library, Marine Hospital, Market 
Hall and Gaol. 

The banks are seven in number, viz. — The Charleston 
Bank, the Bank of the State, (a state institution,) the Plan- 
ter's and Mechanic's Bank, the State Bank, the Bank of 
South Carolina, the Union Bank and the Rail Road Bank. 
The united capital of these institutions is about ten millions 
of dollars. The rail road, beginning on the confines of 
the city and extending by two branches, one to Hamburg, 
one hundred and tliirty-six miles, the other to Columbia 
one hundred and thirty miles, is a work of great local 
utility and general convenience. In an isolated part of 
the suburbs, about two miles from the city, the state has 
erected nine fire-proof magazines for keeping the public 



54 CITY OF CHARLESTON. 

powder, and as depositories for that of mercliants . These 
buildings are circular in form, with conical roofs, and 
disposed in three ranges. They are of brick, rough-cast. 
The center building, meant exclusively for the public 
powder, is the largest, and will contain four thousand 
kegs. The roof is bomb-proof. The other buildings 
can, each, contain one thousand kegs. 

The charitable institutions are numerous and active. 
Among ihem, the Orphan House, an old and noble char- 
ity, is conspicuous. It has seldom less than two hun- 
dred and fifty inmates of both sexes, who are carefully 
fed, clothed and educated. A board of commissioners, 
a steward, matron and physician, regularly superintend 
or periodically examine the institution. The South Ca- 
rolina and Fellowship societies are charities of like char- 
acter, confined, however, to the children and families of 
members. The Hibernian and St. Patrick's society, ad- 
dress themselves to the care of providing for the wants 
of emigrant Irish ; the St. Andrew's society devote them- 
selves in like manner, to the needy Scotch ; the St. 
George, to the English sufferer, and the German Friend- 
ly society, with great effect and activity, to the poor Ger- 
man emigrant. Besides these, there are numerous other 
institutions and societies, more or less able, who all 
equally devote themselves to benevolent works. The 
Poor-House, (which is a city institution ;) the Society for 
the relief of Widows and Orphans of the Clergy of the Pro- 
testant Episcopal Church ; the Marine Hospital, (a nation- 
al institution ;) Shirra's Dispensary, and many more, re- 
flect honor on the country and community, and increase its 
claims to regard, as a noble working Christian people. 

The people of Charleston have always shown them- 
selves properly mindful of the subject of education. 
They have spared neither pains nor money to secure for 
their children its wondrous benefits. The private 
schools are numerous for both sexes, mostly efi!icient and 
improving. There are five public or free schools, for 
the children of the indigent, for which the state appro- 
priates annually about five thousand dollars. The city 



CITY OF CHARLESTON. 55 

has established a College, which is well organized and 
has already, though but a few years in operation, brought 
forth good fruits. The faculty consists of a president 
and two professors, assisted by one tutor. The High 
School, more recently founded by the city, is a highly 
valuable and useful institution, independent of the Col- 
lege ; but an excellent natural auxiliary in preparing 
young gentlemen for its walls. Both are likely to be as 
successful as they certainly are useful and important. 
The Charleston Medical College is flourishing at the 
head of all the medical schools in the whole south. It 
ranks below none in the Union. The number of students 
is now never less than one hundred and fifty. The Ap- 
prentices' Library Society, is one of the most valuable 
educational institutions of the city, particularly address- 
ed to the young mechanic, furnishing him with books free 
of charge, in every department of letters ; and occasional- 
ly informing him, by means of lecture and illustration, 
in arts and sciences, which he could not so readily com- 
prehend in books. The library of this society contains 
ten thousand volumes, all the gift of private individuals. 
The Charleston Library contains eighteen thousand 
volumes. This library, when it had seven thousand vo- 
lumes, had the misfortune to be destroyed by fire. In 
this fire it lost, beside its books, a valuable collection of 
paintings. Its loss in certain departments of literature, 
has never been entirely repaired. It possesses now 
several valuable pictures, and an extensive cabinet of cu- 
riosities. To the Charleston and the Medical Colleges, 
and High School, are also attached considerable libra- 
ries, and some few of private gentlemen are said to reach 
eight thousand volumes. The city circulating libraries, 
are also numerous. The literary clubs of Charleston are 
numerous. The periodicals, are a quarterly Review, two 
monthly and several weekly periodicals. The newspa- 
pers are six in number, and for good writing, just thinking 
and propriety of manner, are among the first in the whole 
Union. The first Charleston newspaper was printed in 
1738. 



56 



CITY OF CHARLESTON. 



The trade and commerce of Charleston are of great 
importance. The following table will show her domes- 
tic exports for twenty years. 

DOMESTIC EXPORTS OF SOUTH CAROLINA FROM 1819 TO 

1841. 



Years 


Exports. 


Years. 


Exports. 


Years. 


Exports. 


1820 
1821 
1822 
1823 
1824 
1825 
1826 


8,690,539 
6,867,515 
7,136,366 
6,671,998 
7,833,713 
10,876,475 
7,468,966 


1827 
1828 
1829 
1830 
1831 
1832 
1833 


8,189,496 
6,508,570 
8,134,676 
7,580,821 
6,528,605 
7,685,833 
8,337,512 


1834 
1835 
1836 
1837 
1838 
1839 
1840 


11,119,565 
11,224,298 
13,482,757 
11,138,992 
11,017,391 
10,318,822 
10,036,769 




55,545,572 


52,965,513 


78,338,594 



Gain in last seven years, 25,373,081. 

Her own shipping bears no proportion to her produc- 
tions, and has been much greater at an earlier period 
than now. Ship building was commenced in Charles- 
ton prior to 1740. Before the revolution, she had built 
more than twenty-five square rigged vessels, and many 
more of smaller burden. Her carrying trade has been 
taken out of her hands. British and northern bottoms 
absorb it all. Occasionally, the public spirit of an indi- 
vidual citizen has attempted to repair this deficiency, but 
without much success. The enterprise of the people in- 
clines them rather to agriculture and to trade ; and this is 
not to be complained of at a period when the passion for 
trade has drawn so many, there and in other parts of the 
country, from the slower but safer business of agriculture. 
The energies of Charleston have been chiefly directed 
to the extension of her commerce into the interior. To 
some extent this has been done by means of the Ham- 
burg and Columbia rail roads. Numerous steamboats 
ply from this city to Savannah, Beaufort, Georgetown, 



CITY OF CHARLESTON. 57 

Columbia, St. Augustine and other places ; and, no doubt, 
with the return of" public prosperity, the work of domes- 
tic enterprise will be resumed, so as to increase the fa- 
cililies for intercourse with the numerous towns of the 
interior, of Georgia, Alabama and Florida, upon which 
so much of the commercial prosperity of Charleston de- 
pends. 



e 



CHESTER DISTRICT, 



The District of Chester lies within the granite 
region of the state. It is bounded on the west by Broad 
river, which separates it from Union district ; east by 
Lancaster ; north by York ; and south by Fairfield. The 
average length of Chester is thirty-one, and its breadth 
eighteen and one-fourth miles. It contains 361,600 
acres. The soil of this district is various and fertile ; 
containing a large proportion of clay, with a covering of 
vegetable matter, more or less mixed with primitive 
Bubstances. The ridges between the water courses are 
sandy, with other light soil. The low grounds are some- 
times stony, with little gravel and much rich loam. 
The face of the country is hilly, abounding with the finest 
granite and soap stone. No minerals or metals have been 
discovered. The rivers are, the Broad and the Cataw- 
ba, both of which are navigable for boats the whole 
length of the district ; the smaller streams, which are 
not navigable in consequence of the rapidity of their cur- 
rents are, the Rocky, Fishing, Turkey and Sandy rivers, 
the two first of which are branches of the Catawba, the 
two last of Broad river, and all of which have nu- 
merous and beautiful branches in turn. The falls of 
the Catawba are a great natural curiosity. These are 
situated above Rocky Mount. The descending stream 
is confined by rocks which rise in height, and approach 
each other gradually, like walls, narrowing the river 
from a stream an hundred and eighty yards wide, into a 
channel of less than sixty. Through this channel it is 
forced down into the narrowest part of the stream, called 
the 'Gulf,' where, pent up on every side but one, it rushes 
over rocky steeps and ledges, is dashed from rock to 
rock, and forming a sheet of foam from shore to shore, 



CHESTER DISTRICT. 59 

is precipitated over no less than twenty falls, to a depth 
of nearly one hundred and fifty feet. The agitated 
waters finally subside into partial tranquility, in a stream 
of more than three hundred yards in width. The scenery 
here is very grand and beautiful. 

The fish in the waters of Chester are, the shad, trout, 
red-horse, cat, perch, eel, rock-fish, and many others. 

The forests contain few pines, and these are of the 
short leaf; the most common native trees are, the seve- 
ral varieties of oak, the walnut, beech, poplar, &c. Tho 
fruits are, the apple, peach, pear and plum, all of which 
thrive with little or no cultivation. Cotton is the chief 
commodity of culture, but there is no neglect of the grain 
and provision crops. The game are, the deer, fox and 
turkey, the rabbit, squirrel, raccoon and opossum, all of 
which are in great numbers. The shad desert the rivers 
in the fall and return with the spring. 

Chester was first settled in 1750, chiefly by emigrants 
from Pennsylvania and Virginia. It takes its name from 
a county in the former state. A considerable accession 
of Irish settlers was made to its population in 1763, after 
the peace of Paris. Indeed, the greater portion of the 
inhabitants of the district may trace their descent from 
the Irish, The population by the last census, (1840,) is 
17,747 ; of these, 10,025 are free, and 7,722 slaves ; 
showing an increase, in twenty years, of nearly 4,000 
inhabitants. Chester is entitled to one senator and four 
representatives in the state legislature. 

The district town is Chesterville. It is beautifully 
placed upon the dividing ridge between the waters of the 
Broad and Catawba rivers, at the head of the east branch 
of Sandy river. The situation is lofty and romantic, 
and so commanding, that it has been likened to one of 
the strong fortresses of the feudal times and barons — a 
little San Marino, equally secure in position, as in the 
possession of a free, fearless and contented population. 
The grounds about it slope on all sides in the manner 
of a glacis ; the woods are cleared beycmd the range of 
cannon shot. The town contains a handsome Court-House, 



60 CHESTER DISTRICT,. 

an Academy, a Jail, and about 250 inhabitants. Edii" 
cation is improving. The state annually appropriates 
twelve hundred dollars for the instruction of the poor. 
The number of the dependent poor is very small, — not 
more than twenty-five ; they are supported by the char- 
ity of the district. In 1825, the blind were fifteen ; deaf 
and dumb, sev^en ; and lunatic, three. The climate of 
Chester, though variable, is esteemed healthy and in- 
vigorating. Of the religious sects, the Presbyterian is 
the most numerous ; after this, the Methodist and Bap- 
tist. Mount Dearborn was the name given to a military 
establishment of the United States, at Rocky Mount, 
which was afterwards abandoned. It is a beautiful and 
imposing position. The manufactures of this district are 
wholly domestic. Colonel Lacy, who distinguished him- 
self at the battles of Hanging Rock, King^s Mountain and 
Blackstock's, was a native of Chester. It was in this 
district, near the waters of the Eswawpuddenah, that 
Sumter defeated the British under Weyms; and here, 
also, on the banks of Fishing Creek, this brave patriot 
met a severe reverse ; suffering a surprise, by which 
his troops were totally routed. For these actions., seo 
the History of South Carolina. 



CHESTERFIELD DISTRICT. 



This District, like that of Chester, was settled by 
emigrants from Pennsylvania and Virginia. It is matter 
of regret that the names of the two should seem to have 
been drawn from the same sources. It is stated, howev- 
er, that Chesterfield derives its name from that of the 
accomplished Earl, — an assertion, the proofs of which 
are beyond our reach. Chesterfield constitutes one part 
of the northern boundary of the state. In this quarter, 
it is bounded by the state of North Carolina ; on the east 
by Marlborough ; on the south-east by Darlington, and 
on the south-west by Kershaw and Lancaster districts. It 
averages, in length, thirty-one miles ; in breadth, twenty- 
six ; and contains about 515,840 square acres. The 
face of the country is various and undulating. The up- 
per part of it lies within the granite region, and contains 
an abundance of this kind of rock. Here is also to be 
found asbestos, which is incombustible ; slate and free- 
stone ; but no limestone, or other calcareous matter. 

The nature of the soil, in a large proportion of this 
district, is sandy and unproductive. In the neighbor- 
hood of water courses, good land is occasionally to be 
found. Along the northern limits, the lands are of the 
clayey and stony kind, and present a rolling surface. 
The river lands are rich. The productions are corn and 
cotton, potatoes, wheat, rye and oats. 

The navigable stream of this district is the Pedee, 
which is accessible to large steamboats to Cheraw, one 
hundred and twenty miles from the ocean. The other 
rivers, which are not navigable, but might be made so, 
are the Kaddipah, (Lynch's,) Black, Cedar, Thompson's, 
Juniper, Rocky, &c. The fish are, the shad, which, 

6* 



62 CHESTERFIELD DISTRICT. 

when in season, are caught in the Pedee ; — the trout, 
bream, cat, eel, perch, red-horse, suck and others. 

Of the forest trees, the pitch-pine is most common 
through three-fourths of the souchern part of Chesterfield. 
In the northern parts, oak, hickory, ash, poplar, &:c. are 
the most prevalent. The fruits are the peach and apple, 
which are in great variety and of good quality. The 
game are, the deer, fox, rabbit, squirrel, raccoon, opos- 
sum, &c. The birds are, the wild turkey, pigeon, duck, 
goose and others, common to the whole country. 

The population of Chesterfield does not increase ra- 
pidly. By the census of 1820, it was 6,645. By that 
of 1840, it is 8,574 ; of these, 5,703 are free, and 2,871 
slaves. The district is entitled to one senator and two 
representatives in the state legislature. The chief em- 
ployment of the people is agriculture. Their manufac- 
tures are considerable, but wholly for domestic use. The 
educational institutions are increasing and improving. 
The number of the poor is small, and their support does 
not exceed in cost five hundred dollars per annum. Near- 
ly twice that amount is allowed by the state for the free 
schools. The religious sects are Methodist, Presbyte- 
rian and Baptist. The Episcopalians are few. 

The seat of justice bears the name of the district. It 
lies on the south side of Thompson's creek, a branch of 
the Pedee ; is distant seventy-seven miles from Colum- 
bia, and one hundred and sixty-three from Charleston. 
It numbers nearly 400 inhabitants. A Court-House and 
Jail, of brick — a tasteful mode of building, and fine groves 
of forest trees, judiciously left within the limits of the 
village — give it a pleasing and inviting aspect. 

Cheraw is a place of trade and the chief town of the 
district. It lies on the west side of the Pedee, on a 
plain one hundred feet above the river. Its trade with 
the back country of North Carolina is considerable. Its 
population is about 400. It has several churches, a 
bank, two printing offices, a covered bridge across the 
Pedee, and several flourishing schools. Several steam- 
ers ply between it and the cities of Charleston and 



CHESTERFIELD DISTRICT. 63 

Georgetown ; and the river floats are also numerous. At 
this time, however, the fortunes of Cheraw seem sta- 
tionary. 

The greatest portion of Chesterfield is healthy. The 
sand hill region, which is extensive, particularly so. 
The climate is pleasant, and except on the river low 
grounds, free from hilious fevers. In 1825, there was 
but one blind person and one lunatic in the district ; no 
deaf or dumb. 

Cheraw is the Indian name of the aborigines by which 
the district was occupied. It would be well substituted 
for that of Chesterfield. It was once famous for its ba- 
con, of which it shipped large quantities. The Pedee is 
the only other Indian name which has been preserved 
in the district. 



COLLETON DISTRICT. 



Colleton was one of the first settled places in our 
state. Its geographical limits at one time, including Port 
Royal and all the neighboring region, were distinguished 
by the settlements and wars of the French and Spaniards. 
At this time its boundaries are, on the east and north-east, 
Charleston ; on the north-west, Orangeburg and Barn- 
well ; on the south-west, Beaufort ; and south, the At- 
lantic ocean. The average length of Colleton is forty- 
five miles ; the breadth thirty-nine. It is computed to 
contain 1,123,200 square acres, and ranks in size the 
fourth district in the state. A political arrangement di- 
vides it into three parishes, viz. St. Bartholomew's, St. 
Paul's, and St. George's, Dorchester. 

Colleton, lying between the districts of Charleston and 
Beaufort, possesses all the agricultural characteristics 
and advantages of these districts, except a sea coast ; 
only one point of it being open to the ocean. The tides 
flow up its rivers for about thirty miles from the sea, and 
the water is salt about one third this distance. The soil 
of this district has been classed under three heads, — 1st, 
The marsh or tide lands, which are adapted particularly 
to the culture of rice ; 2d, the swamp lands which are 
equally rich, and planted mostly in cotton ; and 3d, the 
high lands near them, which are chiefly valuable be- 
cause of their timber. Portions of these uplands being 
found productive, are assigned to provision culture. 
The face of the country is flat and unimposing, but the 
rich foliage of the swamps, of all hues and shades of 
hue, the gigantic height and bulk of the trees, their 
great variety of form and appearance, greatly relieve the 
disadvantageous inferiority to the eye, which the uni- 
form levels of the land around occasion. In its present 



COLLETON DISTRICT. 65 

physical state, the climate of Colleton district is unhealthy; 
but the sandy regions are places of retreat, in the 
upper parts of the district, to which the planters resort 
during the sickly months, with safety. The staple pro- 
ductions are rice and cotton. Its provision crops include 
potatoes and all varieties of grain. For its products, 
manufactures, Sic. according to the census of 1840, see 
the table in the Appendix. 

The rivers of Colleton are numerous and productive. 
Among the most important are, the Edisto, Combahee, 
Ashepoo, Stono, Salkehatchie and Ashley. The Com- 
bahee separates it from Beaufort. This river, and that 
of the Edisto, are navigable all their length in this dis- 
trict. A junction, by a canal only fourteen miles in 
length, of the Ashley and the Edisto, is a work which 
has been contemplated since 1765. It would save ninety 
miles of difficult and dangerous navigation, and prove 
of incalculable benefit to the districts of Charleston, Colle- 
ton, Barnwell and Orangeburg. The fish in these 
streams are numerous. Colleton, in this respect, shares 
the resources of Beaufort and Charleston ; and the large 
blue cat of the Edisto, is famous all along the borders of 
that river. 

The islands in the neighborhood of the sea are nume- 
rous, and some of them in a high state of cultivation. 
These are Slan's, Burden's, Ashe's, Warren's, Hutch- 
inson's, Young's, (fee. White Point is a fine prominence 
looking out upon the sea, at one of the mouths of the 
Edisto, which had been chosen as a place of settlement 
by successive colonists. 

Colleton, lying within the alluvial region, possesses 
no other kind of stone, than that species of calcareous 
rock, called shell limestone ; considerable quarries of 
which are found at different places. Marine shells are 
found every where, but no minerals. 

The timber trees are in abundance, of the finest de- 
scription. The pine of the Edisto supplies Charleston, 
and a considerable portion finds its way to the West In- 
dies. Besides the pine, there are, the live oak, cypress, 



66 COLLETON DISTRICT. 

poplar, asli, hickory, beech, walnut, palmetto, and many 
others. Shingles of the cypress are very durable and 
greatly preferred over all other. Game is plentiful ; the 
deer is numerous, and hunting clubs are proportionately 
so. The birds are such as are common to the neighbor- 
ing districts. 

The population of Colleton, by the census of 1840, is 
25,548 ; of whom 6,302 are free, and 19,246 slaves. 
St. Paul's parish contains a total of 5,538, of which 751 
are free white, 1 28 free colored, and 4,659 are slaves. 
St. George's parish contains a total of 4,188; of whom 
1,577 are free white, 69 free colored, and 2,542 are 
slaves. St. Bartholomew's parish has a population of 
15,884 ; of whom 3,548 are free white, 231 are free 
colored, and 12,105 are slaves. Colleton sends three 
senators, and six representatives to the state legisla- 
ture. 

Colleton district was named in honor of sir John Colle- 
ton, one of the lords proprietors of the province. Its 
chief town is Walterborough, which is the seat of jus- 
tice for the district. It lies in a healthy region in St. 
Bartholomew's parish, and is a place of some trade, a 
place of resort for health, and altogether an attractive 
settlement. It is fifty miles from Charleston, and about 
ninety from the capital of the state. It has a handsome 
Court-House, three churches, a Library and Market 
House, two Academies, a Jail, and several fine dwel- 
lings. Sunimerville is a pleasant retreat during the sickly 
months. It lies in St. George's parish, is perietrated by 
the Hamburg rail-road, and is twenty-one miles from 
Charleston. During the summer, it contains from 300 to 
to 400 inhabitants. In winter, it is nearly abandoned. 

Five miles to the south of it, are the ruins of the old 
town of Dorchester, on Ashley river, before and during 
the revolution, a place of considerable importance. .lack- 
sonborough is a small town on the bank of the Edisto, 
occupying the site of Pon Pon, an ancient town of the In- 
dians. The trade of this place was once considerable, 
and as the British power became broken, towards the 



COLLETON DISTRICT. 67 

close of the war of the revolution, and when their forces 
became confined to the immediate limits of Charleston, 
JacksonboroLigh became temporarily the seat of the state 
legislation. The legislature was convened here in 
1782. Willtown is a small village, in St. Paul's parish, 
occupying a high bluff, on the margin of the Edisto, 
which was once the site of a strong fortress, built by the 
early colonists. The people of Willtown distinguished 
themselves in 1739, in putting down an insurrection of 
the nejrroes, which had been fomented by the Spaniards 
of Florida. For the particulars, see the History of South 
Carolina. Ashepoo, one of the earliest English inland 
settlements of the state, lies on the western branch of 
the river Ashepoo, in the parish of St. Bartholomew. It 
was desolated by the Indians, in the great insurrection 
of the Yemassees in 1715 ; but flourished again until the 
revolution. An Episcopal chapel, and a few dwellings, 
are all that remain. 

Colleton has produced many eminent men, among 
whom we may especially mention, colonel Hayne, who 
was executed by the British ; colonel Harden, a very 
gallant revolutionary officer, and major Snipes, whose 
achievements in the partisan warfare of the low coun- 
tey, narrated by tradition, were distinguished by an au- 
dacity which reminds one very much of the heroism of 
the middle ages. Colleton has been the scene of many 
fierce and bloody battles. Near the bridge of Salke- 
hatchie, they will shew you certain tumuli, which serve 
as memorials of the sanguinary and conclusive fight be- 
tween governor Craven, and the Yemassees, under the 
chief Sanutee. In the same neighborhood, the Ameri- 
can cavalry was surprised just after the fall of Charles- 
ton, and here colonel Harden fought one of his best bat- 
tles with the English. On the banks of the Stono, you 
are again reminded of the bravery of governor Craven, 
who defeated in this place a large body of Florida In- 
dians ; and here also took place the battle of Stono, in 
1777, when general Lincoln attacked the entrenchments 
of Frevost. Near Parker's ferry, you are reminded of one 



68 COLLETON DISTRICT. 

of the brilliant operations of Marion, which took place in 
1781, and at the Tar Bluff, on the Combahee, you are 
shown the spot where the gallant Laurens perished, in a 
British ambush. The whole district is full of these in- 
interesting memorials, for the particulars of which the 
reader is referred to the History of South Carolina. 

The wealthy classes of Colleton are usually well edu- 
cated ; a large sum is appropriated to the poor schools, 
but the system is necessarily defective, in districts so 
sparsely settled, and where the climate is so unfavora- 
ble to health. The benefits derived from the free school 
fund are inconsiderable. In religious respects, there is 
gradual improvement ; the Methodist is the most nume*- 
rous religious sect, and is most properly active in its 
work. 



DARLINGTON DISTRICT. 



The District of Darlington was first settled in 
1750, by emigrants from Virginia. Its name was proba- 
bly derived from that of colonel Darlington, a favorite 
leader in the war of the revolution. Darlington lies with- 
in the alluvial region of the state. It is of compact form, 
having the great Pedee as a line on the north-east, by 
which river it is separated from Marlborough district ; 
and Lynch's creek on the south-west, by which it is 
separated from Sumter ; Cedar creek separates it on the 
north-west from Chesterfield ; on the south-east it is 
bounded by Marion and a small portion of Williamsburg. 
It contains 576,000 acres, and is, on an average, thirty 
miles square. 

The river lands of Darlington are of great fertility. 
The swamps of Pedee, Black river and Lynch's creek, 
are very rich, and the former are in some places from 
two to six miles in width. The intermediate lands 
are barren and inferior, but interspersed occasionally 
with good tracts of timber. The low lands of the Pedee 
yield the finest crops of corn and cotton. They arc 
mostly secured from freshets by embankment. Tha 
lower, or south corner of Darlington, contains masses 
of the marine shell limestone. Metallic matter, resem- 
bling iron, is found among the shallows of the Pedee?. 
It is employed for dyeing black, for which purpose it iy 
preferred to copperas; — of this, there is great abundance. 

The face of the country is undulatory ; some oftho 
hills rise into eminences more than three hundred feet 
above the ocean. In these parts the climate is healtliN- 
and pleasant ; but along the water courses and rivers, 
during the autumn, fevers prevail. 

Cotton is the chief marketable commodity. Grain i > 
raised in sufficient quantities for home consumption. 

7 



70 DARLINGTON DISTRICT. 

The timber trees in the low lands are very large. The 
timber in the high lands is generally inferior. Among 
the forest trees are, the pine, the black and white oak*, 
cypress, cotton-tree, sycamore, sweet gum, &c. The 
fruit trees are the peach, nectarine and cherry. The 
grape is abundant, and a very good domestic wine has 
been made from it. Game is not now in abundance. The 
deer and turkey are seldom met with. Partridges, doveSy 
snipe and woodcock, are, however, in plenty ; also, the 
wild duck, and occasionally wild geese and pigeons. 
The singing birds are the mock-bird, thrush, red-bird, 
and blue-bird. 

Darlington is a w^ell watered district. The Pedee has 
a good steamboat navigation its whole length. Black 
creek is navigable thirty miles from its junction with the 
Pedee ; and Lynch's creek, eighty miles from where it 
joins the same river. By removing some obstructions, 
it may be made navigable into Chesterfield. There are 
numerous other streams of value and importance, — such 
as Sparrow creek, Jeffery's creek. Cedar, Swift, High- 
hill, Buckholt's, Alligator, Black Swamp, Lake Swamp, 
Middle Swamp, &;c. On the Pedee there are excellent 
fisheries for shad and sturgeon, in which quantities are 
caught. The herring, also, visits this river. There are, 
also, the trout, the bream, catfish, &c. 

The population of Darlington, by the census of 1840, 
is 14,822, of whom 7,560 are slaves. The district is 
entitled to one senator, and two representatives in the 
legislature of the state. 

Education has not been left unattended to in Darling- 
ton. The schools are frequent and flourishing. Free 
schools ar^ numerous, and an annual appropriation of 
six hundred dollars is made by the state for their support. 
The Baptist is the most numerous religious sect in the 
district — next to it, the Methodist and Presbyterian. 
Some attention has been paid to manufactures, confined 
however to the coarser stuffs ; but this branch of indus- 
try does not flourish, people preferring to raise the raw 
material, rather than to make it into cloth. 



^ARLINGTON DISTRICT. 71 

TThe village of Darlington, situated on Swift creek, is 
the seat of justice for the district. It is a small but 
neat town, containing a handsome Court House of brick, a 
Jail, sundry taverns, &c. It lies seventy-five miles from 
Columbia and one hundred and thirty from Charleston. 

Darlington has three other villages, which are places 
of summer retreat. The principal of these is Society 
Hill, a rural eminence, houses and trees interspersed 
picturesquely, and without any regard to order. It 
promises to be a place of equal beauty and importance, 
needing but a little more attention to the style of build- 
ing, and a little more order in arrangement for the former. 
Its population is about 600. Well placed for health and 
having many facilities for trade, its promise of increase 
and prosperity appears well founded. It contains 
churches for the Baptist and Methodist persuasions, and 
has a good Academy. Two or more steamboats, and oth- 
er vessels, ply between it and Georgetown, Society 
Hill w^as once called Greenville. 

Old Cheraw was once the seat of justice for a large 
district of the same name. But it has long been since 
abandoned. Two other villages, Springville and Me- 
ehanicsville, are chiefly valuable for the security for 
health which they afford. They are places of residence 
chiefly during the summer season. 

Cheraw is the only Indian name preserved in this 
district. 



EDGEFIELD DISTRICT. 



The District of Edgefield was settled cliiefly by 
emigrants from Virginia and North Carolina. Its name 
is presumed to have been derived from its geographical 
position, on the edge of the state, and adjoining the state 
of Georgia. Edgefield lies on the south-west border of 
the state, bounded in this quarter by the Savannah river, 
which separates it from Georgia. On the east and south- 
east, it is bounded by Lexington, Orangeburg and Barn- 
well districts ; on the north and east, by the Saluda, 
which separates it from Newberry ; and on the north- 
west by Abbeville. The average length of the district 
is forty-six miles ; breadth thirty-seven. It contains 
1,089,280 acres, and is the fifth district, in point of size, 
in the state. 

The soil of Edgefield is generally good, and partakes 
of several varieties. A portion of it, in the eastern and 
southern parts of the district, is sandy, bearing the long- 
leaved pine, such as belongs to the country along the sea- 
board ; the rest is the oak and hickory land, such as 
belongs to mountain regions. This latter portion yields 
good crops, is of rich quality ; of various colors, red, 
white and black ; of sand and loam, with clay founda- 
tion. The face of this part of the country of Edgefield is 
very hilly, and this constitutes the only objection to the 
soil in an agricultural point of view. It is liable to wash 
into gullies in heavy rains. The productions are such 
as are raised generally in the middle and upper coun- 
try, — cotton and corn, and grain of every description. 
The pine lands are peculiarly adapted to the cultivation 
of peas, beans and potatoes. The oak and hickory lands 
yield wheat, tobacco, corn, hemp, cotton, &c. The tim- 
ber trees of Edgefield are, pine, (long and short leaf,) 



EDGEFIELD DISTRICT. 73 

oak, hickory, elm, ash, gum, &,c. The fruit trees are, 
apple, peach, plum, cherry, pear, quince, &c. The 
birds are, the turtle-dove, mocking-bird, partridge, robin, 
wren, snow-bird, red-bird, swallow, wood-pecker, wood- 
cock, buzzard, hawk, owl, &c. In the upper division of the 
district, there are considerable bodies of granite, and 
quarries of excellent freestone, suitable for millstones. 
Beds of iron ore have been discovered in different places. 

The chief navigable stream in Edgefield, is the Savan- 
nah, which is navigable for steamboats from Hamburg 
to Charleston ; and for smaller craft, above, to Vienna, 
in South Carolina, and Petersburg in Georgia. The Sa- 
luda is next in importance, and is navigable for boats 
carrying fifty bales of cotton, the whole length of the 
district. The Sapona, or Steven's creek, which emp- 
ties into the Savannah, might, according to Mills, be 
made navigable into the heart of the district. Shaw's 
creek, Little Saluda, and some other smaller streams, 
might, it is supposed, by a small amount of labor, be 
converted into navigable courses of considerable value. 
The Seraw, Serannah, and Cussaboe, are streams origi- 
nally with musical Indian names, which are made to 
yield to such vulgar appellations as Horse creek, Cuffy- 
town creek, Hardlabor creek, &:c. The principal fish 
are, shad, (during spring,) cat, perch, rock, pike, trout, 
red-horse, &c. The average value of land in Edgefield 
is probably $2,50 per acre. The agriculture of the dis- 
trict, like that of most parts of the state, is improving. 
Manuring is becoming a system, and will become more 
so, in the diminished value of cotton as a product. Ham- 
burg, Augusta and Charleston, are the principal markets. 
The climate of Edgefield is mild, and generally speak- 
ing, healthy. The diseases are of a bilious kind, and 
occur chiefly on the mill seats, and near the banks of 
creeks and rivers. 

The population of Edgefield, by the census of 1840, is 
32,853 ; of these 15,315 are free ; the rest slaves. 
She is entitled to one senator and six representatives in 
the legislature of the state. The principal occupation of 



74 EDGEFIELD DISTRICT. 

the people is agriculture. The chief towns are Ham- 
burg and Edgefield. The former is a flourishing trading 
town on the north-east bank of Savannah river, opposite 
the city of Augusta in Georgia, and a competitor for a 
considerable portion of its trade. It is the terminus of 
the Charleston and Hamburg rail road ; and, with this 
facility, and a steamboat communication with Charles- 
ton and Savannah, by the Savannah river, it lacks, per- 
haps, nothing but capital to render it a formidable rival 
of its Georgia neighbor. It is distant from Charleston, 
by rail road, one hundred and thirty-six miles ; twen- 
ty-three south of Edgefield ; and contains a population 
of about 1,500. Its trade is chiefly in cotton, corn and 
tobacco. 

The court town bears the name of the district. It is a 
neat and thriving village, on elevated ground, lying in 
the head fork of Beaver Dam creek. It contains a popu- 
lation of five six or hundred ; has a neat Court House 
and Church, numerous fine dwelling houses, and issues 
an interesting weekly newspaper. The situation of 
Edgefield village, is one of uninterrupted health, lying 
upon the ridge which separates the pine and oak lands, 
between the waters of Edisto, Savannah and Saluda. It 
is sixty-two miles from Columbia, and one hundred and 
fifty-seven from Charleston. 

Pottersville is a small village, about a mile and a half 
from Edgefield, chiefly distinguished by its pottery, in 
which stone ware of a superior kind has been extensively 
manufactured, and may be to an incomputable extent. 
Other potteries are also to be found in this district. At 
Pottersville there is a cotton factory, for the manufac- 
ture of the coarser fabrics. 

Richardsonville is another small village, seventeen 
miles north of the court house. Fort Moore, five miles 
south-east from Hamburg, is the site of an old fortress 
and place of settlement. It was first occupied in 1740. 

Education and morals, in Edgefield, have undergone 
great improvement within a few years. She is strong 
in her intellectual men, who exercise a salutary influ- 



EDGEFIELD DISTRICT. 75 

ence over civilization. Religion is benevolent and ac- 
tive ; her schools are good, and the subject of education 
is beginning to make itself felt in its proper force every 
where. There are several academies and numerous pri- 
vate schools. Fifteen hundred to two thousand dollars 
are annually appropriated to the free schools by the 
state legislature. The religious denominations are 
chiefly Baptist and Methodist. An Agricultural Society, 
which promises to be active and of great value, has re- 
cently been established. There is little real poverty in 
Edgefield. 

Edgefield district was once a part of the vast posses- 
sions of the Muscoghee nation. It has been the scene of 
frequent warfare since their day ; and has produced 
several eminent men, among whom may be named, co- 
lonel Le Roy Hammond, a distinguished leader against 
the Indians, before and during the war of the revolu- 
tion ; captain Thomas Harvey, who acquired credit in 
the Cherokee war, and was slain in battle by the tories, 
after having won the victory. Major Hugh Middleton, 
colonel Purvis, captains Ryan and Butler, were also 
men of rank, and well remembered for their Indian and 
revolutionary valor. This list might be numerously ex- 
tended, were this the place for it. For the achievements 
in this quarter, see the History of the State. 



FAIRFIELD DISTRICT. 



Fairfield was first settled by emigrants from Vir- 
ginia and North Carolina. It derives its name, most 
probably, from the grateful appearance which it made, 
in the eyes of wanderers, weary with long looking for a 
resting place. It is bounded, on the north by Chester 
district ; on the south by Richland ; on the west and 
south-west by Broad river, which divides it from Union, 
Newberry and Lexington ; south-west by Lexington ; 
and on the north-east, by the Wateree and Catawba riv- 
ers, which separate it from a part of Lancaster and Ker- 
shaw. Fairfield is, on an average, thirty-two miles in 
length, twenty-three in width, and contains about 471,040 
square acres. 

With the exception of a slip of sandy pine land, on 
its south-eastern limit, Fairfield is within the granite re- 
gion. In its general aspect, the country is much diver- 
sified, justifying its name, lying now in level plains, 
rising into slopes and gentle undulations, and sometimes 
swelling into rugged surface and imposing mountain. 
The soil is very various, combining the best and worst 
of the upper country. The lands on the water courses 
are rich and inexhaustible ; the uplands are perhaps 
too hilly for safe cultivation in a season of much rain. 
Cotton, of the short staple, is much cultivated; the small 
grains grow well in Fairfield ; corn and wheat in particu- 
lar. Of these, with rye, oats, barley and potatoes, the 
crops are usually abundant. 

The chief rivers are the Broad, or Eswawpuddenah, 
which is navigable the whole length of the district ; as 
also the Catawba and Wateree, (which, being one river, 
becomes, in this district, one in name also.) Little river, 



FAIRFIELD DISTRICT. 77 

which empties into the Broad, is only partially naviga- 
ble. It has numerous branches, and is a stream of much 
importance. Wateree creek, the entrance of which, into 
the Catawba, imposes upon the latter its name, is the 
next considerable stream. This union takes place three 
and a half miles above the line of Lancaster and Ker- 
shaw. The lands on the banks of this stream are noted 
for their fertility. Dutchman's creek, which empties 
into the Wateree ; and Beaver, which empties into Broad 
river; are both valuable ; the one being a creek, the oth- 
er a beautiful stream ; noted, also, as the first place of 
white settlement in the district. There are other 
streams, — the Suwannee, Rocky, Morris, Fox, Bear, 
&c. which find their way into the Wateree. The tribu- 
taries of the Broad, in Fairfield, are Wilkinson, Terri- 
ble, Rock, Goodacon, and Cool Branch. In these two 
main rivers, the Broad and Wateree, are numerous 
islands, all fertile and some of them in cultivation. 

The fish are, the shad and sturgeon, the trout, pike, 
perch, eel, gar, red-horse, suck, carp, &c. 

Fairfield has the finest granite for building ; soapstone, 
sandstone, slatestone, gneiss and hornblende, are occa- 
sionally to be seen. A remarkably high rock, on the road 
from Columbia, and four miles from Winnsboro, is called, 
from its appearance, the Anvil rock. Rock crystals 
are common ; also, crystalized quartz ; iron is abundant, 
and pyrites. A valuable mineral spring, good in dyspep- 
tic and cutaneous diseases, is found within ten miles of 
Winnsboro. 

The forests of Fairfield contain the finest timber and 
in great variety ; among which are, the poplar, hickory, 
walnut, pine, beech, birch, oak, (black, white and red, 
Spanish, post and Turkey,) ash, elm, linden, gum, su- 
gar, maple, cherry, dogwood, sassafras, papaw, iron 
wood, cotton, cedar, &c. The wild fruit trees are, crab- 
apple, chinquapin, mulberry, persimmon, haw, hazel- 
nut, walnut, hickory-nut, cherry, chestnut, &c. The 
cultivated fruit trees, are, peach, quince, apple, pear, 
apricot, fig, pomegranate, cherry, plum, almond, &c. 



^8 FAIRFIELD DISTRICT. 

The shrub and bush fruits are, strawberry, raspberry, 
whortleberry, gooseberry, &c. 

The game are, deer, turkey, foxes, raccoons, opos- 
sums, squirrels, &c. Of birds, migratory and domestic, 
there are, the martin, swallow, duck, snow-bird, robin, 
mock-bird, cat-bird, humming-bird, snipe, wood-pecker, 
Avhippoorwill, plover, kingfisher, &c. ; jay, red-bird and 
sparrow ; turkey, partridge, dove, woodcock, crow, owl, 
hawk and black-bird. The wild pigeon occasionally ap- 
pears, and sometimes the bald eagle. 

The population of Fairfield, by the census of 1840, 
is 20,165; of these, 7,660 are free; 12,505 slaves^. 
The district is entitled to one senator and four repre- 
sentatives in the legislature of the state. The employ- 
ments of the people are chiefly agricultural ; domestic 
manufactures are carried on to considerable extent. The 
water courses furnish numerous mill seats, but these 
works are chiefly used for sawing lumber, ginning cotton, 
or grinding corn. 

Winnsboro is the seat of justice, and the town of most 
importance in the district. It is a healthy and pleasant 
spot, thirty miles from Columbia, and one hundred and 
fifty from Charleston. It is placed on the dividing ridge 
between the rivers Wateree and Broad. A main branch 
of the Wateree creek heads near the village. This and 
other streams furnish excellent springs of water. The 
town stands on an elevation of more than three hundred 
feet above the Wateree river, and about five hundred 
feet above the ocean. The lands around are fertile, un- 
dulating and greatly improved. The population is near 
500. It has a handsome Court House and Jail, an 
Academy, three Churches, a Masonic Hall and Market- 
house. Mount Zion college was established here prior 
to the revolution, and received a charter in 1777. Some 
of the dwellings in Winnsboro, are handsomely built. In 
1780, lord Cornwallis made this village his head quarters. 
The cotton gins manufactured in Winnsboro, have a high 
reputation throughout the state. There are some other 
villages in the district. Monticello, lying between Lit- 



FAIRFIELD DISTRICT. 79 

tie river and Wilkinson's creek, contains an Academy, a 
few houses, and occupies in the center of a healthy, rich 
and populous neighborhood. Rocky Mount, or Grimke- 
ville, stands on the Catawba river, of which it commands a 
beautiful view ; and Longtown, situate on a high sand 
ridge, twenty miles east of Winnsboro, is the resort of 
the planters of the Wateree during the autumn season. 

This district lies in a salubrious region. The climate 
is pleasant and healthy. Fevers occur in the fall, along 
the rich bottoms and the water courses ; but there are few 
portions of the upper country more healthy than this. 
The instances of longevity are numerous. 

A considerate regard is paid to education in Fairfield. 
The academies and schools are numerous. The free 
schools receive twelve hundred dollars from the state 
annually. A decent sense of religious duty is prevalent, 
and Sunday schools are efficiently exercised. The reli- 
gious sects are Presbyterian, Methodist, Baptist, Episco- 
palian and Dutch Reformed. Fairfield is prominent, in- 
deed, for its high sense of religious and moral obligation. 
It has also made some advance in literature, and there 
are many excellent private libraries. 

The territory of Fairfield was once apart of the heri- 
tage of the Catawbas. They received the whites kindly, 
and were affectionately true to them through all periods. 

Fairfield has furnished to the state her full share of 
distinguished men. Among these were general Richard 
Winn, who was a prominent leader in the revolutionary 
war. Thomas Woodward has the reputation of having 
instituted the sort of forest-justice — in the absence of 
regular laws and officers — which went by the name of 
regulation. He is claimed to have been the Jirst regulator. 



GEORGETOWN DISTRICT. 



Georgetown lies upon the Atlantic, to which it pre- 
sents a considerable front, and from which it is sepa- 
rated by a sand ridge and chain of islands. It is bound- 
ed on the south-west by Santee river ; which separates 
it from Charleston district ; on the north-west by Will- 
iamsburg ; on the north-east by a part of Marion district ; 
on the east by the Great Pedee, and Horry district, and 
on the south-east by the Atlantic ocean. The length of 
the district averages thirty-eight miles ; breadth twenty- 
four ; and includes 583,680 acres. 

The islands are Bull, Waccana, North, Santee, Cat, 
Sandy, Crow, &c. 

The inlets, along the coast, are North, Georgetown, 
Gahany, North and South Santee, and the bay of Win- 
yaw. The rivers are the Great Pedee ; Waccamaw, 
Weenee, or Black, Sampit, North and South Santee ; 
all of which are navigable, wherever they traverse the 
district. The face of the country is uniformly flat and 
unimproving. The river lands are a deep rich mould of 
inexhaustible fertility ; next to these are the inland 
swamps ; the pine ridges are little else than sand, bot- 
tomed sometimes on clay, and having occasionally a pro- 
ductive soil. The tide lands, which constitute the fa- 
mous rice lands, are the most valuable in the district. 
The fertile regions are appropriated almost exclusively 
to rice, which is produced in great abundance. After 
rice, cotton is the next great product. But little corn is 
raised. The other products, though in small quantities, 
are potatoes, wheat, oats, &:c. Among the exports are, 
tar, pitch and turpentine, staves, ^c. 

The pine is the most common tree of this district. 
The river swamps abound in cypress, and their margins 
with the various kinds of oak, hickory, poplar, ash, chest- 



GEORGETOWN DISTRICT. 81 

nut, cedar, beech, sycamore, laurel, cotton-tree, &;c. 
The live-oak, near the sea, is large and abundant. 

The fruits are, the peach, plum, apricot, fig, cherry, 
nectarine, orange, pomegranate, grape, &c. The woods 
abound with fragrant trees, shrubs and vines, — the mag- 
nolia, yellow jessamine, eglantine, bay, honey-suckle, 
azalea, vanilla, asters, lilies, wild rose, &c. 

The waters teem with the finest fish, both of the salt 
and fresh water tribes — the shad and herring in spring ; 
the trout, pike, bream, perch, sturgeon, rock, terrapin, 
soft shelled turtle, carp, &c, ; the drum, bass, sheep's- 
head, mullet, cavalli, whiting, black ; oysters, crabs, sea- 
turtle, shrimps, &c. 

Of game there is plenty ; deer, foxes, rabbits, rac- 
coons, and occasionally the wolf and bear. Of birds, the 
turkey, goose, duck, (of all varieties,) snipe, woodcock 
and pigeon ; partridge, plover and rice-bird ; eagle, hawk, 
owl ; black-bird, mocking-bird and bullfinch. Snakes 
are numerous in swamp and forest ; and the alligator, in 
fresh, tide and brackish waters, grows to an enormous 
size. 

The climate is moist, hot and unhealthy ; subject to 
fevers in summer and agues in autumn. There are choice 
spots however, along the sea shore, to which the inhab- 
itants resort for health ; among these is North, and the 
neiofhborinff islands. 

The population of Georgetown district, by the census 
of 1840, is 18,274; of these, 2,281 are free; the rest 
are slaves. The district comprises two parishes, viz. — 
All-Saints and Prince George, each of which is entitled 
to a senator in the state legislature, where the district 
has four representatives. 

Agriculture is the only employment. There are no 
manufactures. A small portion of the free population is 
engaged in trade. There are few native schools, the 
planters generally preferring that their children should 
be educated in healthier districts. The free schools are 
moderately attended. The state appropriates to this 
object, twelve hundred dollars per annum. 

8 



82 GEORGETOWN DISTRICT. 

Georgetown is the seat of justice for the district. It is 
situated on the north side of the river Sampit, near its 
junction with Winyaw bay, and, in a straight line, about 
nine miles from the sea. Vessels of considerable size 
may approach the town and lie at the wharves. George- 
town is well situated for trade, surrounded by fertile and 
cultivated lands close to the sea, with a safe harbor and 
an extensive back country. It contains about 1500 inhab- 
itants, has a handsome Court House, a Bank, Jail, Mar- 
ket place, and several churches. There is a public Li- 
brary, and several private societies ; among which is the 
the Winyaw Indigo Society, incorporated in 1756, which 
maintains a school of twenty-five orphan children, and 
has a funded capital of thirty thousand dollars. George- 
town has an Agricultural Society also, and issues two 
weekly newspapers. 

The climate of Georgetown, however, is so sickly 
as to impair most of its advantages as a place of trade. 
Its trade is chiefly carried on through and with Charles- 
ton, from which it is distant 61 miles. It is distant from 
Columbia 121 miles. La Grange, on North island, the 
summer retreat of the people of Georgetown, is noted as 
the spot where La Fayette first landed in America, during 
the revolution. It is a delightful and salubrious resi- 
dence. Georgetown has been the seat of much interest- 
ing occurrence, particularly during the revolutionary war. 
In its neighborhood are shown the frequent scenes of 
Marion's achievements. It was twice attacked by him, 
while it lay in possession of the British, and at last cap- 
tured. The district is full of such memorials. It has 
produced several distinguished men, among whom may 
be mentioned the great historical painter, Washington 
Allston. 



GREENVILLE DISTRICT. 



The District of Greenville received its first settlers in 
1766, from Virginia and Pennsylvania ; but the progress 
of settlement was slow mitil the close of the Cherokee 
war. The face of the country, verdant and picturesque, 
is supposed to have led to the adoption of its name. The 
Cherokees were the original possessors of the soil. 

Greenville is bounded on the north by North Carolina ; 
on the east and south by the districts of Spartanburg and 
Laurens ; west by the Saluda river, which divides it from 
Pendleton. Its extreme length, from north to south, is 
fifty miles ; its average breadth does not exceed twenty. 
It contains about 414,720 square acres. The country is 
elevated ; in the south, undulating and attractive ; in the 
north, mountainous and imposing. The soil is various, 
embracing sand, clay, gravel, and stone. Much of it, 
properly cultivated, is capable of yielding bountiful re- 
turns to the hands of industry. It is well adapted to the 
culture of all the small grains, and corn, tobacco, and 
green seed cotton. 

The climate is one of the most delighful in the world ; 
the diseases are few ; the lands are well drained and ir- 
rigated, and the mountains are admirable barriers against 
the chilling blasts of winter. 

Rocks of granite, gneiss, quartz, &;c. are found in 
great abundance ; minerals of several kinds have been 
discovered — iron, yellow ochre, pyrites, lead ore, the em- 
erald, and many others. The chief materials for building 
are rock and clay. Materials of wood are neither very 
good nor in great quantity. 

The timber trees are, the short-leaved pine, poplar, 
chestnut, white, red, and Spanish oak, maple, walnut and 
cherry. The fruit trees are the apple, quince, plum, &c. 



84 GREENVILLE DISTRICT. 

Greenville, though finely watered, does not possess 
many navigable facilities. The Saluda and Tyger rivers 
are interrupted by rocks and falls of considerable extent. 
The Reedy river, which flows through the district, and 
passes by the court house, it is thought might be made 
useful, by canals, for the purpose of communicating with 
the Saluda, and thus open a communication by water 
with Columbia, and thence to Charleston. The other 
chief river is the Enoree. There are several branches 
of the Saluda, and numerous smaller streams. In these 
streams fish of various kinds are caught, — such as the 
trout, lock, red-horse, &:c. The birds of Greenville are 
such as are common to all the upper districts, 

Greenville, to the north, is walled in by the mountain 
barriers of the Blue Ridge, some of the spurs from which 
make into the very heart of the district. Such is Paris 
mountain. Other mountains within its limits are called, 
the Hogback, Glassy, Caesar's Head, Dismal, Prospect 
and Pine. The Hogback is steep, difficult of ascent and 
dangerous. Its name is derived from its appearance. 
On the top of the mountain is the Cold Spring, perpetu- 
ally gushing forth, and the abandoned plantation of a 
hermit. The Glassy mountain, which adjoins the Hog- 
back, is so named because the water, trickling down its 
sides, and frozen in winter, reflects the blaze of the sun 
with the dazzling lustre of a mirror. Caesar's Head and 
Dismal mountains are abrupt and highly picturesque 
eminences. The former, indeed, though little known, is 
described as presenting one of the most beautiful prospects 
in America. 

The population of Greenville, by the census of 1840, is 
17,839; of whom 12,534 are free, and 5,305 slaves. It 
is entitled to one senator and four representatives in the 
state legislature. Agriculture constitutes the chief em- 
ployment of the people. The manufactures are for purely 
domestic objects. There have been several iron works 
on the Reedy river which are now abandoned ; but the 
working of iron, on a limited scale, still continues in 
different parts of the district. 



GREENVILLE DISTRICT. 85 

The people of Greenville have been honorably regard- 
ful of education and morals. The academies and schools 
are numerous and efficient. An appropriation of a thou- 
sand dollars per annum, for the free schools, is made by 
the legislature. The religious denominations are, Pres- 
byterian, Methodist, Baptist and Episcopalian ; the first 
named being the most numerous. 

The village of Greenville is the seat of justice for the 
district. It is beautifully situated on a gentle and undu- 
lated plane. The Reedy river runs beside it, precipitating 
itself, in the immediate neighborhood, in a beautiful cas- 
cade, over an immense bed of rocks, The Paris moun- 
tain, at a distance of seven miles, presents another object 
similarly picturesque, for the admirer of fine scenery. 
The village is regularly laid out in squares, and, equally 
grateful to health and sight, is preferred as a place of 
resort. The public buildings are a handsome brick Court 
House, a Jail, tw^o or three houses of public worship, 
a male and female Academy, several public houses of 
great size, and many private residences which are equally 
handsome and spacious. The population is estimated 
at 8 or 900. There is a public Library, a weekly and 
well conducted newspaper, and an Agricultural Society. 
Greenville is 108 miles from Columbia, and 225 from 
Charleston. The district has given birth to several dis- 
tinguished men. It is destined, from the salubrity of its 
climate, its fertility of soil, and beauty of situation, to 
cherish a population as numerous as it is now vigorous 
and virtuous. 



8* 



HORRY DISTRICT. 



The District of Horry was"principally settled by Irish 
emigrants in 1733. It receives its name from general 
Horry of revolutionary renown. Horry forms the north- 
eastern corner of the state and fronts on the ocean, which 
bounds it on the south-east for a space of thirty-one miles. 
On the north-east it is bounded by North Carolina ; on 
the south by Georgetown ; north-east by Georgetown and 
Marion, and north-west by the latter. Its average length 
is thirty-seven miles ; breadth twenty-nine. It contains 
about 687,720 acres. 

The face of the country is uniformly flat ; along the 
rivers the soil is rich and highly productive. The 
uplands are of light soil, with a clay basis. But the 
waste lands are very extensive, and the river lands 
require to be reclaimed for cultivation. Cotton, corn and 
rice are the chief productions. Wheat, peas and potatoes 
are raised in abundant quantities for domestic use. Lum- 
ber, tar and turpentine are among the exports. Cloths of 
domestic manufacture are considerably used. 

Horry is a well watered district. With a front upon 
the sea of thirty miles, it has yet a number of lakes and 
streams. Of the former are, Kingston, Lake Swamp, &c. 
The rivers are, the Great and Little Pedee ; the former 
navigable for vessels of sixty tons, and the latter for 
boats drawing three feet water, up to the North Carolina 
line. The Waccamaw is navigable for vessels of one 
hundred tons above Conwayborough, subject to the ob- 
struction of one sand shoal, which, at low water, has a 
depth of six feet. There are also Lumber and Little 
river, and several smaller streams. Bull creek is also 
navigable for large vessels. Horry maintains, in naviga- 
tion, fifteen or twenty vessels, and employs from eighty 
to one hundred seamen. 



HORRY DISTRICT. 87 

The waters abound in fish, among which are, the trout, 
bream, jack, perch, shad, and (in season) the herring. 
Besides these, there are the usual sea-fish. 

The forest trees are, the long-leaved pine, the cypress 
and oak, (live and white, &:c.) The fruit trees are, the 
peach, apple, pear, plum, fig and cherry. The game 
are, deer, turkey, duck, (various kinds,) fox, wild-cat, and, 
occasionally, the bear. Of birds there are, the partridge, 
dove, &c. Compact shell limestone is found on the 
Waccamaw. Lime is prepared from oyster shells. 

The population of Horry, according to the census of 
1840, is 5,755 ; of these, 4,181 are free ; 1,574 slaves. It 
is entitled to one senator and one representative in the 
state legistature. The population has suffered much 
from emigration. The climate, particularly along the 
sea, is favorable to health. In the neighborhood of the 
creeks, rivers and swamps, agues and fevers prevail 
during the months of autumn. 

Kingston, or Convvayborough, is the seat of justice for 
the district. It lies on the west side of the river Wacca- 
maw, at its junction with the lake of the same name. It 
is distant from Charleston 117, and from Columbia, 135 
miles. It is a place of small population and trade. The 
residents are scarce 200. Its chief importance is due to 
its being the district town. Kingston lake is a fine sheet 
of water. There is another small settlement, established 
chiefly with reference to trade, is placed upon Little 
river, a few miles from the sea. Its exports, in tar, pitch 
and lumber, are considerable. 

The Baptists are the most numerous religious sect in 
Horry ; after them, the Methodists, the Presbyterians and 
Episcopalians. Education is improving. The people 
are generally moral and religious in their habits. There 
are few paupers. The legislature appropriates annually 
five or six hundred dollars for the free schools. 

This district gave birth to many distinguished whigs of 
the revolution. It was the theatre of much fierce fight- 
ing between the whigs and tories. Bear Bluff, on Wac- 
camaw river, is pointed out as the scene of one of these 
conflicts. 



KERSHAW DISTRICT. , 



The first settlement of Kershaw was made by a colony 
of Irish Quakers, about the year 1750. The district 
takes its name from colonel Joseph Kershaw, an officer 
of great local reputation, during and previous to the war 
of the revolution. 

Kershaw is bounded on the north-east by Sumter ; on 
the north-west by Richland ; on the west and north by 
Fairfield ; on the north-west and north by Lancaster ; on 
the north-east by Chesterfield and Darlington, from which 
it is separated by Big Lynch's creek. The average 
length of the district is about thirty -two miles ; width 
twenty-seven; number of acres, about 553,000. 

Kershaw lies immediately between the primitive and 
alluvial formation. The lower line of the granite region 
runs through the middle of the district. The sand hills 
are high and barren. The face of the country is varied 
and agreeable. It contains every variety of soil, — very 
rich and very inferior. The rivers have great extent of 
alluvial low grounds, easy of reclamation, generally 
above the influence of freshets. In the upper parts of 
the districts, clay lands are found ; but the great body of 
uplands are usually sandy. Numerous streams irrigate 
the highlands, and furnish many choice spots for the 
cultivator. 

The climate is pleasant and commonly healthy, ex- 
cept in the neighborhood of rivers. The products of the 
soil are, cotton, corn, wheat, rye, oats, &c. Cotton is 
raised for export ; all the rest for home consumption. 
Domestic manufacturing establishments are large and nu- 
merous. Flour has been manufactured for sale to a 
considerable amount, but has been superseded by cotton. 
So, also, from the palma christi, was cold pressed oil 



KERSHAW DISTRICT. 89 

once made, at the rate of one hundred and fifty gallons 
to the acre. That, too, has been abandoned for cotton. 

The Wateree and Kaddipah (or Lynch's) are naviga- 
ble streams. There are other rivers of importance, viz. 
Little Lynch's, Flat Rock, Hanging Rock, Beaver, San- 
ders, Pine Tree, &c. Fine fish are afforded by most of 
these w^aters. 

Kershaw has several mineral springs which have con- 
siderable domestic reputation. Among these, the most 
important are those at Liberty Hill. A gold mine has 
been worked on Little Lynch's creek, on the Lancaster 
boundary line, which proved to be one of the richest in 
the south. 

The population of Kershaw, by the census of 1840, is 
12,281. Of these, 4,238 are free, and 8,043 slaves. 
Kershaw is entitled to one senator and two representa- 
tives in the state legislature. One thousand dollars is 
the state annual appropriation for the free schools of the 
district. 

The chief interest of Kershaw centres in and about the 
town of Camden. This place has been particularly famous 
from the war of the revolution. Camden is the seat of 
justice for the district, and is the oldest inland town of the 
state, being settled in 1750. It is handsomely situated on 
a plain, on the east bank of the Wateree river, about a 
mile from it, and at an elevation above it of nearly one 
hundred feet. It is almost an island. Pine Tree creek, 
with Belton's Branch, sweeping round three sides, and, 
by their head springs, nearly meeting on the fourth. The 
town limits embrace, from east to west, one mile ; and 
in length, from south to north, nearly two. It was laid 
out in squares in 1760, chartered in 1769, had a regular 
police and was thriving before the revolution. That 
event proved for a time fatal to its prosperity. It fell 
into the hands of the British, was made a fortified town, 
and destroyed by them when they were compelled to 
abandon it. For the interesting incidents connected with 
its fortunes, see the History of South Carolina. Here, 
in this neishborhood, Cornwallis defeated Gates ; De 



90 KERSHAW DISTRICT. 

Kalb was slain ; Rawdon and Greene met in a memorable 
but drawn battle ; and colonel Washington, by a happy 
ruse de guerre, captured Rugely. Camden is now a beau- 
tiful and flourishing town, and carries on a considerable 
trade with Charleston, from which it is distant 136 
miles. It is 33 miles from Columbia. It has also a con- 
siderable trade with the interior. Its population is about 
2,300. It contains an elegant Court House, of superior 
classical design, a Jail, City Hall, Bank, public Library, 
several places of public worship, some of which are in the 
most graceful style of art ; academies, schools, societies, 
and issues a neat weekly newspaper. Here, also, may 
be seen a graceful monument, raised by the gratitude of 
the citizens, to the memory of the brave old German, 
DeKalb, who perished at the head of the continentals, in 
the fatal battle at Gum Swamp, between Gates and Corn- 
wallis. Camden suffered terribly, during the war, from 
British and tory atrocities. Kershaw has given to the 
gtate many distinguished citizens. 



LANCASTER DISTRICT. 



The first settlers in this district came from Pennsyl- 
vania and Virginia, about the year 1745, and planted 
their colony on the Waxhaw creek, in the immediate 
neighborhood of the Catawba Indians, then one of the 
most powerful Indian nations of the south. The name 
of the district was conferred upon it by the settlers from 
Pennsylvania, who came from Lancaster in that state. 

Lancaster constitutes one part of the northern bounda- 
ry of the state, and is placed entirely within the granite 
region. It is bounded on the west by the Catawba river, 
which divides it from York, Chester, and a part of Fair- 
field ; on the south by Kershaw ; on the north-east and 
north by the state of North Carolina and the district of 
Chesterfield. Lancaster is of irregular form ; in its 
greatest length it is forty miles ; width twenty-eight. It 
is computed to contain about 383,000 acres. 

The face of Lancaster district is pleasingly varied by 
hill and dale, gentle undulation, rock and valley. The 
soil is equally various, comprising all sorts, from the ster- 
ile sand to the rich and fruitful loam. The rocks are 
mostly granite and white flint. Some beautiful quarries 
of white granite have been worked to advantage, and 
employed in many important and permanent structures. 
Slate and the asbestos, are said to lie along the Kaddipah, 
or Lynch's creek. 

The Catawba river bounds this district on its longest 
side, and with some labor may be rendered navigable. 
So may Cain creek. Sugar creek, the Kaddipah, Twelve 
Mile creek, &c. The other streams by which this dis- 
trict is well watered are, the Waxhaw, Cane, Camp, 
Cedar, Hanging Rock, Tuckahoe, Little Lynch's, Flat 
and Wild Cat. The Catawba abounds in shad, when in 



92 LANCASTER DISTRICT. 

season. The native fish are, the trout, rock, red-horse, 
perch, &:c. In this river are several islands, viz. Patton, 
Davy, Taylor, Lackey, Mountain, Allen and Montgomery. 
Mountain island is the largest, and nearly two miles in 
length. 

The Great Falls of the Catawba present a noble and 
imposing spectacle of great natural magnificence. The 
stream is gradually enclosed by rocks, straightened sud- 
denly into a channel one third its width, and breaking 
from its prison with measureless violence, plunges head- 
long over its barriers of stone, from rock to rock, till it 
subsides in a basin nearly one hundred and fifty feet 
below. 

Curiosities of this kind, though inferior in grandeur 
and beauty, are frequent in this district. Hanging Rock, 
Flat Rock, and Anvil Rock, are objects of particular 
interest and attraction, from their peculiar appearance, 
as well as from the events which distinguish them in 
history. Hanging Rock is the site of one of Sumter's 
famous battle grounds. It is of curious shape. Flat 
Rock is a mighty mass, five hundred yards across, com- 
posed of a very closely cemented and hard gravel. Its 
name is derived from its level surface, which is covered 
with numerous pits or cisterns, hollowed out, as sup- 
posed, by the Indians, for the purpose of holding water. 
The Anvil Rock is small, and would attract no notice, 
but for its shape. A mile from Hanging Rock there is a 
a mineral spring. Its waters act as a gentle aperient, 
and are strongly diuretic. It is beautifully situated, de- 
lightfully shaded, at the foot of a gentle descent, and has 
a fall for a douche, or shower bath. In process of time it 
will doubtless be a place of much resort for the invalid 
and idler. 

The forest trees are, oak, pine, poplar, hickory, chestnut, 
ash, beech, sycamore, dogwood, walnut, sassafras, &c. 
The sugar-tree sometimes grows to a prodigious size. 

The fruits are, apples, pears, peaches and cherries ; 
grapes, berries of various kinds, chestnuts, walnuts, 
hickory nuts &c. The vine has occasionally been culti- 



LANCASTER DISTRICT. 93 

vated here with success. There are a few deer, wild 
turkeys, pigeons, ducks and geese, besides partridges, 
doves and woodcocks. Lancaster has also such other 
birds as are common to the country. 

The climate of the country is bland and agreeable. 
Autumnal diseases prevail along the large water courses; 
but elsewhere the inhabitants enjoy excellent health, and 
instances of longevity are frequent. 

Agriculture is the chief business of the people. The 
staple production is cotton, which finds its way, chiefly 
by land carriages, to Camden or Charleston. The other 
products are, corn, wheat, oats and rye, chiefly for home 
consumption. No goods are manufactured except for 
domestic use. 

The population of Lancaster, by the census of 1840, 
is 9,907. Of these, 5,672 are free, and 4,235 are slaves. 
This district is one which suffered most from the emiffra- 
tion of its people to the south and west. Its population 
shows a repeated decrease, with each census, for the last 
twenty years. Entitled, in the state legislature, to one 
senator and two representatives. 

The seat of justice derives its name from the district. 
Lancasterville was laid out in 1801, and has a present 
population of 4 or 500. It has some trade, and is com- 
paratively prosperous. The town is regularly laid out. 
It is six miles from the Catawba river, fifty-nine from 
Columbia, and one hundred and seventy-six from Charles- 
ton. Its Court House and Jail are highly ornamented 
fabrics, and built of stone. The " Franklin Academy," 
a well endowed institution, has a handsome brick build- 
ing. There are one or two other small villages in the 
district, such as Kingsbury ; but they are not increasing. 
Of late, agriculture and education are regarded with a 
more just consideration than formerly. The state appro- 
priates from twelve to fifteen hundred dollars to the free 
schools of the district, and several hundred poor children 
receive its benefit. Private schools are increasing and 
improving. The religious denominations are, Seceders, 
Presbyterians, Methodists, and a few Baptists. 

9 



94 LANCASTER DISTRICT. 

Among the eminent men to whom tliis district has 
given birth, is Andrew Jackson, who was born on the 
wa,ters of the Waxhaw, and seems to have been destined 
from the beginning to distinction, 'i'he Waxhaws were 
a nation of people expelled by the Catawbas. Lancaster 
was the scene of several battles during the revolution, the 
chief of which are, the battles of Hanging Rock, and 
Tarleton's massacre of Buford's command. For these 
interesting events see the History of the State. 



LAURENS DISTRICT. 



Laurens was settled about 1755, by a few emigrants 
from Virginia and Pennsylvania. The terror of the 
Indians, inspired by the defeat of Braddock, drove the 
borderers of Virginia, Pennsylvania and Maryland, to 
this and other more secure regions. The acquisition 
of the Cherokee country, to which nation the territory of 
Laurens originally belonged, under governor Glenn, of 
South Carolina, added still further to the population of 
the district. Its name was given in honor of Henry 
Laurens, one of the most eminent of the revolutionary 
patriots. 

Laurens is situated about the middle of the upper 
country. It is bounded on the south-west by the 
Saluda river, which separates it from Abbeviile ; on the 
north-east by the Enoree, which divides it from Union 
and Spartanburg ; on the north-west by Greenville ; and 
on the south-east by Newberry. Its average length is 
thirty miles ; its breadth twenty-four. It contains 
560,800 square acres. 

This district lies in the granite region. The face of 
the country is hilly. Granite is found in abundance ; but 
no freestone or limestone. The soil is mostly clay and 
gravel ; but it is productive, and v/ell adapted to the cul- 
ture of cotton, corn, wheat, tobacco, &c. Cotton is the 
only commodity raised for market. The manufactures 
are purely domestic. 

The climate is temperate and very healthy. The at- 
mosphere soft and serene. The soil is dry and elevated. 
Agues and fevers prevail to a small extent, during the 
autumn, in low, moist situations ; particularly along the 
water courses. 

The rivers are, the Saluda, Enoree, Little, and two 
arms of the Reedy river, which are remarkable, for run- 



96 LAURENS DISTRICT. 

ning, at short intervals, nearly a parallel course with the 
Saluda and with each other. The Saluda is navigable 
by boats carrying seventy bales of cotton. The Enoree 
is a fine stream, and may be made navigable also. The 
smaller streams are, Duncan, Dunbar, Warrior, Indian, 
Bush and Raeburn. The fish are, trout, pike, carp, eel, 
suck, red-horse, perch and cat, 

Laurens is a well timbered district. Besides the pine, 
of which there are both the long and short-leaved, there 
are numerous varieties of oak. The other trees are, 
poplar, chestnut, beech, dogwood, hickory, linden, locust, 
(fcc. The fruits are, apple and peach, (numerous kinds,) 
grape in abundance, plums, chinquapins, chestnuts, and 
various berries. 

The game is not numerous. There are deer and wild 
turkeys ; yet, when the district was first settled, the buf- 
falo was so numerous, that it was nothing uncommon, for 
three or four men to kill from ten to twenty per day. A 
rifleman could kill his four or five deer in the same time ^ 
and of bears, the ordinary hunter laid up several hundred 
pounds of bear bacon every winter. The waters abounded 
with beavers, otters and muskrats : and the forests 
teemed with wolves, panthers and wild-cats. It was a 
famous stock country, from its profusion of canes and 
native grasses. 

Of birds, there are, the pigeon, duck, partridge, wood- 
cock, dove, robin, blackbird ; the eagle, owl, hawk, king- 
fisher, crow ; the mocking-bird, thrush, humming-bird, 
snow-bird, whippoorwiil, &c. 

The population of Laurens, by the census of 1840, is 
21,584; of these, 12,673 are free, and 8,911 slaves^ 
This return shows a small increase in ten years. The 
district is entitled to one senator and four representatives 
in the state legislature. 

Laurensville is the seat of justice for the district. It is 
a small but pleasantly situated place, at the head of Little 
river, seventy-five miles from Columbia, and one hundred 
and ninety-five from Charleston. Its population is small 
— about 300. It has a neat Court House, a public Library, 



LAURENS DISTRICT. 97 

a Meeting-House, School, Jail, and about forty dwelling 
houses. There are several small villages in the district, 
Belfast, Huntsville, &c., of little importance. Education 
improves, and a taste for letters is increasing among the 
people. The free schools are numerous, and a large 
number of pupils are educated at the expense of the slate, 
which appropriates for this purpose, annually, about twelve 
hundred dollars. The Presbyterian is the most numerous 
religious sect, the Baptist next, and next the Methodist. 
Considerable zeal is manifested here in behalf of morals 
and education. 

Laurens has given birth to several of the distinguished 
partisan warriors of the revolution. Among these were 
majors Downs and Hunter, who were in frequent fight 
with the tories and Indians. 



9* 



LEXINGTON DISTRICT. 



The first settlers of Lexington were from Germany. 
The original district in which Lexington was comprised, 
was called Saxe-Gotha. The present name of the dis- 
trict was a tribute to the people of Lexington, in Massa- 
chusetts. 

Lexington is situated mostly in what is called the 
middle country of South Carolina. It is bounded on the 
north-east by the rivers Congaree and Broad, which 
separate it from Richland and Fairfield; on the south- 
west by the North Edisto, which divides it from Orange- 
burg ; on the south-east by Orangeburg; and on the north- 
west by Newberry and Edgefield. It averages thirty-four 
miles in length, thirty in breadth, and contains 652,800 
acres. The country undulates generally, but slightly, 
and has a few superior advantages. The largest portion 
of the land is included in the sandy regions, and is 
covered with an immense growth of pines. The most 
valuable lands lie in the space between the Broad and 
Saluda rivers. On the banks of rivers and near the water 
courses, the lands are also fertile ; but, in the lower 
parts, are liable to frequent overflow. 

The chief products of the district are cotton and corn. 
Cotton and lumber are almost the only articles prepared 
for sale. Mill-seats are choice and numerous ; timber of 
the best kind is in abundance, and great quantities of 
lumber are annually sawed for the Charleston and other 
markets. Among the products for home consumption 
are, wheat, rye and oats. The grape has been culitvated 
with success, and some tolerable wine has been prepared 
from it. 

The district is well watered. The Congaree, Broad, 
Saluda and Edisto rivers, either border or pass through 



LEXINGTON DISTRICT. 99 

it. The first three are navigable for boats drawing two 
feet water ; the Edisto, during high water, is passable for 
rafts. These rivers have all of them numerous tributary 
streams, which fertilize the neighboring lands, and furnish 
numerous admirable mill-seats. The creeks are, the 
Wateree, Priester, Camping, Bear, Holly, Congaree, 
Sandy Run, Cedar, Big Beaver, Black, Thorn, Twelve 
Mile, &c. The shoals of the Saluda are avoided by two 
canals, with locks, which give passage to freight boats. 

Of fish there are, the shad, sturgeon, trout, bream, red- 
horse, mud, cat, and a variety of perch. 

Granite is found in adundance along the Broad and 
Saluda rivers. One species, of a beautiful chocolate 
color, is considered rare and remarkable. Quarries of 
freestone lie on and near the banks of Congaree creek ; 
some of it very white, and at a little distance resembling 
marble. It is easily worked, when first taken from the 
quarry, and hardens on exposure to the air. It is much 
used for building, and in quantity it is inexhaustible. 
There is no limestone ; but a species of chalk, or potter's 
clay, is found, some of which, sent to Europe, was 
made into a set of china, and the clay pronounced by the 
manufacturer to be far superior to any found in England. 
A beautiful, variegated pink-colored stone, of a soft and 
soapy nature, is found at Congaree bluflf. On the Wateree 
creek, there is slatestone. Iron, small in quantity and 
poor in quality, has been found, and there is a tradition, 
that lead ore was once procured abundantly at Ruff's 
mountain, near the line of Lexington and Newberry. 
This mountain is a conspicuous elevation, of great beauty, 
three hundred feet above the level of the surrounding 
country. It is one mile in length. On its top are, 
sienite, ferruginous sandstone, clay, slate and talc. From 
the abundance of the last, it has been called mount Talco. 
An excavation of considerable size, by unknown hands, 
seems to indicate the labors of former miners. 

The forest trees of Lexington are very fine. Here the 
pine grows to great bulk and gigantic height. It is the 
most numerous tree ; but there are besides, the poplar, 



iOO Lexington district. 

walnut, maple, oak, (various species,) wild orange, ever- 
green, elm, hickory, ash, gum, &c. The fruits are, the 
peach, pear, plum, apple, quince, and cherry ; grape, 
nuts, &LC. 

The game consists of the deer, turkey, wild pigeon, 
partridge, snipe, woodcock, dove and lark ; the birds are, 
the eagle, owl, hawk, wren, lark, wood-pecker, sparrow, 
mocker, thrush, red-bird, jay, &c. 

The population of Lexington, according to the census 
of 1840, is 12,011. Of these, 7,426 are free, and 4,685, 
slaves; showing an increase of more than 4000 persons 
in twenty years. Lexington is entitled, in the state 
legislature, to one senator and two representatives. Ag- 
riculture is the chief occupation of the people. The 
manufactures are chiefly domestic, and for home use. 
There have been some attempts at manufactures on a 
larger scale, but they have declined. The climate is 
mild and salubrious. The bilious, and other fevers, are 
chiefly confined to the water courses. Instances of lon- 
gevity are frequent. 

Lexington is the seat of justice. It stands near the 
centre of the district, in a high, healthy situation, thirteen 
miles from Columbia, and one hundred and twenty-two 
from Charleston. Its population is small, not exceeding 
100 persons. It contains a Court House and Jail, and 
fifteen or twenty dwellings. 

Granby, at the head of navigation on the Congaree, 
now in ruins and nearly deserted, was, during the revo- 
lution, a place of considerable importance. It was 
frequently the scene of conflict, and several limes under- 
went siege during that period. 

Piatt's Springs, nine miles south-west from Lexington, 
is a place of considerable summer resort. It is very 
healthy, and has fine water. The Piatt Spring Academy, 
has long possessed an enviable reputation, and receives 
pupils from every portion of the state. Attached to it is 
an excellent library. Education and agriculture are both 
improving in Lexington. The annual state appropriation 
for free schools is six hundred dollars. The German 



LEXINGTON DISTRICT. 101 

Lutheran is the most numerous sect in this district. 
Their churches are frequent. There are other denomina- 
tions, the chief of which are Baptist and Methodist. The 
people are uniformly industrious, and property is very 
equally distributed among them. 



MARION DISTRICT. 



Marion was settled chiefly by Virginians, about the 
year 1750. Its name was conferred upon it in compli- 
ment to the famous partisan. It is one of the extreme 
eastern districts of the state ; is bounded on the north- 
east by North Carolina ; east by Horry ; south by George- 
town and Williamsburg; north-west by Darlington and 
Marlborough. Its length is forty-one miles ; breadth 
thirty. It contains 787,000 square acres. 

The face of the district is uniformly level, intersected in 
all directions by the finest creeks and rivers. The swamp 
lands, which are of considerable extent, are very rich ; 
the uplands sandy, bottomed on clay. Portions of the 
highlands are productive, but cultivation is necessary 
for the residue. 

The rivers Pedee, (Great and Little,) are navigable 
for vessels of considerable burden. So is the Kaddipah, 
or Lynch's creek. Besides these, there are Jeffrie's 
creek, Ashpole, Buck, Sweet, Big, Smith and other 
swamps, and numerous smaller streams. The lakes are, 
Jordan ana Snow. The latter, with the Great Pedee, 
forms two islands, Hunter and Gaston. Snow's island 
is locally famous, as the frequent retreat and place of en- 
campment of general Marion. Ashpole swamp was 
scarcely less famous, as the place of tory refuge. In 
some of these swamps, there are lakes of considerable 
size, one of which is the Duck Pond, up the Great Pedee, 
and near the line of Darlington. 

The shad and herring, when in season, are caught in 
great abundance in this district. Tlie Pedee is the last 
river to the south in which the herring mav be caught. 
The other fish are, trout, bream, perch, cat, &c. 

Marion, lying within the alluvial region, has no stone 
but shell limestone. When burnt, it is a good substi- 



MARlOrC DISTRICT. 103 

tute for shell or stone lime, either for building or agri- 
culture. 

The most numerous of the forest trees in this district, 
is the pine ; next the cypress, the oak, hickory, &;c. The 
fruits are, peach, apple, pear, plum, &c. The game are, 
deer, turkeys, ducks, geese and pigeons, besides the birds 
which are comm.on to the country. 

The populatior.by the census of 1840, is 13,932. Of 
these, 8,681 are free, and 5,251 slaves. The census of 
Marion shows an increase, in ten years, of 2,500 persons, 
though emigration to the west has been frequent. Entitled 
to one senator and two representatives in the state legis- 
lature. 

The climate is mild and agreeeble. The diseases of 
the country are bilious and autumnal fevers, which are 
chiefly confined to the water courses. Remote from 
these, the settlements are considered healthy. The 
instances of longevity are frequent. 

Marion, the district town, is a small place on the east 
side of Catfish creek, a tributary of the Great Pedee. 
It has a handsome Court House of brick, a Jail and an 
Academy. It is ninety-four miles from Columbia and 
one hundred and twenty-three from Charleston. It con- 
tains some thirty houses and about 100 inhabitants. 
Spring and HarlaersviUe, are two other small settle- 
ments. 

Agriculture is the chief or only occupation of the 
people. The manufactures are purely domestic. The 
poor are few. Education is improving. There are 
numerous private schools, and a liberal appropriation of 
twelve hundred dollars by the state legislature, provides 
an adequate number of free scholars with tuition. The 
morals of the district are good. In religion, the Metho- 
dist is the most numerous sect. Next to them the Pres- 
byterians. 

Marion district abounds in scenes made memorable 
during the revolution by repeated conflicts. It was in 
this district that general Marion achieved some of his 
most remarkable successes over the tories and British. 



MARLBOROUGH DISTRICT. 



Marlborough was first settled by the frontier inhab- 
itants of Virginia and Pennsylvania, flying from the In- 
dians after Braddock's defeat. The population was slow 
of increase, until after the Indian treaty of 1755. In 
1798, it was erected into an independani judicial district, 
with its present name, which is pronounced to have been 
given in honor of the famous duke of Marlborough. 

Marlborough forms the extreme north-east corner of 
the state, and lies mostly within the alluvial region. It 
is bounded on the north and north-east by North Carolina ; 
on the north-east by Marion ; and on the south-west by 
the Great Pedee, which separates it from Darlington and 
Chesterfield. The average length of the district is 
twenty-seven miles ; its breadth, eighteen. It contains 
31 1,040 acres. 

The face of the district is level. Only a small 
angle, (the north-west,) dips into the granite or primitive 
region. Much of the soil is rich and productive, particu- 
larly the highland swamp, which is rarely subject to 
freshets. The margins of streams and rivers, by which 
this district is intersected in every direction, afford nu- 
merous tracts of admirable soil. The uplands are 
covered with pine growth ; the soil light and sandy, but 
with a good clay bottom. The river lands, cultivated to 
the very edge of the water, are generally from one to 
three miles in width. These lowlands extend alongf the 
whole length of Chesterfield and Darlington, — a distance, 
by water, of fully sixty miles. 

The Great Pedee is the principal river of the district. 
It is navigable for steamboats to Cheraw bridge, one 
hundred and forty-four miles from Georgetown, and eight 
from the North Carolina line. It is a remarkably crooked 



MARLBOROUGH DISTRICT. 105 

Stream, of slow current tccordingly, and, in this respect, 
equally favoring agriculture and navigation. The Little 
Pedee, which is here called Gum swamp, passes through 
the south-east corner of the district. It has two or three 
branches. The streams next in importance are, Crooked 
Creek, Beaver Dam, Three Runs, Naked, Muddy, White, 
Phill's, Husband's, Hicks and Marks. Most of these 
creeks run through swamp lands, which maybe reclaimed 
and made of great value. They all furnish excellent 
mill seats for sawing lumber, ginning cotton, &c. 

Shad and sturgeon, in great quantities, are caught 
during the spring in the Pedee. There are, also, trout, 
perch, rock, bream, cat, and several other kinds of fish. 

The timber trees of the river lands and swamps are 
various and fine, consisting of cypress, sycamore, cotton, 
oak, (several kinds,) gum, hickory, chestnut, poplar, bay, 
&c. The uplands bear the long leaf pine. The fruit 
trees are, the apple, peach, nectarine ; (exotics ;) the 
native fruits are, the crab-apple, plum, grape, haw, 
chestnut, chingapin, &c. The game are, the deer, tur- 
key, woodcock, snipe, duck, pigeon, partridge, &;c. The 
birds are, the mocking-bird, thrush, red and blue-bird, 
hawk, owl, whippoorwill, &c. 

Granite rocks are found in the bed of the Pedee, and 
in the north-west angle of the district. Brown sandstone 
has also been discovered in the Pedee. Freestone and 
pyrites, or sulphate of iron, have been found in small 
quantities. 

The climate of Marlborough is hot and moist. Along 
the swamps and rivers, bilious fevers prevail to a great 
degree. But the sand hill regions are salubrious, 
and form the usual places of resort during the sickly 
season. 

The population of Marlborough, by the census of 1840, 
is 8,408. Of these, 4,290 are free, and 4,118 slaves. 
The population has rather diminished than increased 
within the last ten years. It is entitled, in the state legis- 
lature, to one senator and one representative. 

10 



106 MARLBOROUGH DISTRICT. 

Cotton is the chief market pl^oduct of Marlborough. 
The market town is Cheraw. Corn, wheat, rye and oats, 
are raised only for domestic use. There are no manufac- 
tures unless for home purposes. 

The seat of justice is Bennettsville. It is a small, neat 
settlement, on the east side of Crooked creek, about twelve 
miles from Cheraw, ninety from Columbia, and one 
hundred and fifty-eight from Charleston. It is a place of 
health, and is moderately prosperous. Its Court House is 
one of the finest in the state. The offices are fire proof. 
The Jail is also a strong, good looking fabric, rendered 
secure against fire. The population of Bennettsville is 
small. 

Marlborough, formerly the district town, is near the 
Great Pedee. It has but few inhabitants, and has been 
abandoned as the seat of justice, as its climate was sickly, 
and its position not sufficiently central. 

Until very lately, the education of the young was not 
sufficiently regarded in Marlborough. The more wealthy 
parents sent their children to school in neighboring dis- 
tricts. Latterly, this matter has been much amended. 
The private schools are now good and increasing, and the 
free schools receive an annual appropriation of five or six 
hundred dollars from the state. The Methodist is the 
most numerous religious sect ; the Baptist and Presby- 
terian next. Agriculture is improving, and the establish- 
ment lately of a new Agricultural Society in this district, 
corresponds happily with the general movement on this 
subject throughout the state. 

Among the distinguished men furnished by this district 
during the revolution, are general Thomas and captain 
Irby ; both very brave and successful partisan leaders. 

Marlborough once had a colony of Welch, on a fine 
tract of land near the Pedee. Their descendants 
are now incorporated among the great body of the 
people. One of the leaders was a reputed descendant of 
the famous Owen Glendower. 

Among those beautiful flower plains of the forest, 
called savannahs, which are numerous in Marlborough 



MARLBOROUGH DISTRICT. 107 

district, is one near the centre of the district, the great 
loveliness of which is expressed by the name. It is 
happily called " Beauty Spot." It is about four miles 
in circuit, and always green in tracts of grass and 
cypress. 



NEWBERRY DISTRICT. 



Newberry began to be settled at first by Pennsylva- 
nians, about the year 1750. Different tracts of it were 
subsequently taken by Scotch, German and Quaker set- 
tlers. Adventurers from this district explored the 
Tennessee in canoes, passed the Muscle Shoals, and pro- 
ceeded as far as the French or Indian settlements at 
Natchez, Mississippi, several years before the revolution. 

Newberry lies within the granite region. It is bounded 
on the south-west by the Saluda river, which separates it 
from Edgefield ; on the north and east by the Enoree, by 
which it is separated from Union ; on the east by Broad 
river, which divides it from Fairfield ; on the south-east 
by the district of Lexington ; on the north-west by 
Laurens. The average extent of Newberry is about 
twenty-four square miles. It contains 368,640 square 
acres. 

The face of the country is elevated and undula- 
ting. It contains considerable quantities of granite, 
freestone and soapstone. Beds of iron ore have been 
found, and a variety of siiicious stones, vitreous and min- 
eral substances. Limestone is supposed to exist, but 
none has yet been found. This conjecture has grown 
out of the fact, that wells of water have been discovered, 
strongly impregnated with calcareous matter. A ponder- 
ous mineral substance, resembling gold, has been found, 
which, when infusion, emits a smell like that of arsenic. 
Other mineral substances are met with of various appear- 
ances, resembling antimony, loadstone, &c. Plumbago 
and stone coal, in small quantities, have been discovered. 
There are two mineral springs in the district, which 
appear to be strongly impregnated with salts, sulphur, and 



NEWBERRY DISTRICT. 109 

vitriol of iron. They act as cathartics, — sometimes 
vomit, will cure sore eyes, cutaneous eruptions, and have 
been used with success in chills and colds. 

The soil of this district is divided into four classes ; 
clay, sandy, gravelly and stony. There is very little 
loam. The clay is called mulatto land ; it is preferred 
for wheat and tobacco, and, except in very hot weather, for 
almost every vegetable production. The sand and gravel 
lands are adapted to corn, cotton, oats, rye and barley. 
These are the chief products. 

The Saluda is navigable along the whole south-west 
line of this district, for boats carrying fifty bales cotton. 
The Broad, or Eswawpuddenah, on the opposite, is 
navigable in like manner for boats of a similar size. The 
next rivers in importance are, the Tyger and Enoree. 
These are only partially navigable. Both of these 
rivers may be made as much so as the two former. 
Bush and Little rivers are two beautiful streams. Besides 
these, there are numerous other water courses, the prin- 
cipal of which are, Duncan's, Cannon's and Indian 
creeks ; Beaver Dam, Mudlick, Carron's, Sandy Run, 
Buffalo, Camping, Palmetto, &c. Bush, Little river, 
and Duncan's creek, are ninety feet wide. The fish are, 
sturgeon, pike, suck, trout, carp, perch, red-horse, eel, 
gar, horny-head, &c. 

Newberry has all varieties of the oak, among which is 
one less common — a species of swamp oak, growing in 
ponds and wet places, called the 'overcap.' The other 
native forest trees are, the ash, walnut, (black and white,) 
birch, elm, linden, gum, (black, sweet and poplar,) 
sugar-tree, cherry, maple, dogwood, box, eider, alder, 
witch-hazel, spicewood, sassafras, hickory, (four kinds,) 
pawpaw, cedar, cotton wood, &c. Other trees, not native, 
are, pride of India, Lombardy poplar, balm of Gilead, &;c. 
The fruits are, the apple, peach, quince, plum, cherry, 
damson and fig. The wild fruits are, the crab-apple, 
chingapin, persimmon, haw, plum, muscadine, grape, &c, 
The sweet-bay, or cinnamon tree ; ginseng, gentian, 
buckeye, rare in Carolina; are to be found in Newberry. 

10* ^ 



110 NEWBERRY DISTRICT. 

The game consists of deer, turkies, foxes, raccoons, 
opossums, squirrels, &c. The birds that migrate are, 
the marten, swallow, wild duck, robin, thrush, mocking- 
bird, humming-bird, snipe, nightingale, whippoorwill, 
plover, kingfisher, &c. Those that remain are, the tur- 
key, partridge, dove, king, red-bird, sparrow, crow, hawk, 
owl, woodcock and black-bird. Wild pigeons are occa- 
sionly seen. The bald eagle was once a resident of the 
district, and very destructive to young pigs and lambs ; 
but he is no longer to be seen. 

The population of Newberry, by the census of 1840, 
is 18,350, Of these, 8,446 are free, and 9,904 slaves. 
This shows an increase in ten years of about one thou- 
sand persons. The district is entitled to one senator and 
four representatives in the state legislature. 

Agriculture is the chief employment of the people. 
The market town is Columbia. The manufactures are 
purely domestic, but these flourish in almost every family, 
and include almost every commodity of use, wear, and 
service, which can by any possibility be made at home. 

The climate of Newberry is temperate and healthy. 
Neither the cold nor hot weather is of long duration. A 
great many instances of longevity are recorded. Dis- 
eases are few and not hard of management. The habits 
of the people are industrious and moral. Education has 
received a due share of the public attention. The state 
appropriation to the free schools, is about twelve hun- 
dred dollars per annum. 

The Methodist is the most numerous religious sect ; 
next, the Presbyterian and Baptist. The Lutherans 
have, within a few years, established in Newberry a 
theological seminary. There are numerous valuable 
private schools besides. 

Newberry is the district town, or seat of justice. It is 
pleasantly situated, on elevated ground, about three miles 
east of Bush river. It commands a fine view of the sur- 
rounding country. A spring of excellent water issues 
near it, and the health and beauty of the situation render 
it a pleasant and attractive residence. Its population is 



NEWBERRY DISTRICT. Ill 

small, not exceeding 300. They are represented as a 
frank, hardy and hospitable people. The Court House 
and Jail are substantial, and the former is a handsome 
building. So are some of the dwelling houses also. 
There are two academies and a library society in the 
village. Newberry is forty-four miles from Cokimbia 
and one hundred and sixty-four from Charleston, 

Newberry has produced several men of superior worth 
and endowments, who have done the state some service. 
Among these were the Caldwells. Colonel Philemon 
Waters served in Braddock's war, and was in the battles 
of Stono and Eutaw. He was an active and able parti- 
san. James Marion served in Grant's war against the 
Cherokees. 

iVmong the curiosities shown in this district is the 
" devil's moccasin," — the print of a man's foot in the solid 
granite, which is shown near Pennington's old frontier 
fort, on the Enoree river. 



ORANGEBURG DISTRICT. 



Orangeburg received its first white settlers in 1704 ; 
but it was without any considerable body of inhabitants 
until 1735, when it was occupied by a large colony of 
Germans, who, originally subjects of the prince of 
Orange, conferred his name upon the district. 

Orangeburg lies entirely within the alluvial region. It 
is of very irregular figure. It is bounded on the east by 
the Congaree and Santee rivers, which separate it from 
the districts of Richland and Sumter ; on the south-east 
by Charleston and Colleton ; on the south-west by the 
South Edisto river, which divides it from Barnwell ; on 
the north-west by Edgefield ; and on the north-east and 
north by Lexington. From south-east to north-west, it 
extends seventy-five miles. A part of this extent it is 
scarcely twelve miles wide. Its greatest breadth, from 
south-west to north-east, is forty miles. 

This district, extending in length so far, embraces a 
great variety of soil and surface. The face of the country 
is level in the southern and western portions, hilly 
and broken in the eastern and northern. Along the 
margins of streams and swamps, it is equally fertile and 
unhealthy. In the more elevated regions, where it is 
sterile and sandy, it is very healthy. The climate 
throughout is mild and agreeable, and is commended to 
patients suffering from pulmonary causes. 

There is no appearance of granite in this district. 
Considerable bodies of compact shell-limestone are found, 
in working some of which numerous petrifactions were 
discovered, and such shells and marine productions as 
are common to the sea shore. Freestone, grey and 
white, is to be found in several places, specimens of 
which have been used in public works . Potter's earth, or 



ORANGEBURG DISTRICT. 113 

soapstone, and ironstone, (tolerably rich in ore,) are also 
afforded by this district. Gold has been worked for, and 
it is thought that a considerable portion of that precious 
metal has rewarded the industry that sought for it. Sev- 
eral reasons have been given for the suspension of a 
labor which promised so fruitfully. 

The larger proportion of the soils of this district con- 
sist of pine lands, which are generally thin, light and 
sandy, but bottomed on clay. The lands of best quality 
are the high pine lands. The swamps most remote from 
the river are the most valuable. In its immediate neigh- 
borhood, though rich, they are endangered by freshets. 

The lands bordering on the Congaree and Santee pre- 
sent very different aspects. The soil is stiff, clayey and 
very productive. In one place it displays the appearance 
of the primitive region ; is free from swamp, the waters 
are clear, the country rises into hills, and bold bluffs 
overbrow the river. 

The navigable waters of this district are extensive and 
valuable. The Santee and Congaree are navigated by 
steamboats which carry one thousand bales cotton. The 
two Edistos, for a portion of this district, may be also 
used by this sort of vessels, though they are not. They 
are traversed by small boats and lumber rafts. The 
Cawcaw, a branch of the Edisto, is also navigable twelve 
miles above its mouth. Bull swamp might be made so. 
Four Hole and Dean swamp, are also branches of South 
Edisto. The former is something of a curiosity ; con- 
sisting of four great pits, which successively swallow and 
discharge the waters of the swamp. Plunging into one, 
they boil upward from the next. The pits are about half 
a mile apart. In a dry season, fish are taken in them, 
with hook and line, at a depth of thirty feet. They are 
near the Orangeburg line. There are other water courses, 
— Limestone, Cedar, Snake, Cooper, Buckhead, Bugaboo, 
Little Beaver, &c. These waters abound in fish. 
There are, in season, shad and sturgeon, trout, bream, 
rock, pike, cat, perch, &c. 



114 ORANGEBURG DISTRICT. 

The forest trees are in great variety. They consist of 
the pine, oak, (all kinds,) beech, willow, hickory, ash, 
birch, walnut, cypress, bay, maple, tupelo and poplar. 

The game are, deer and turkey, duck, snipe, pigeon, 
woodcock, partridge and dove. The birds are, the bald- 
eagle, hawk, crow, mocking-bird, thrush, blue-bird, jay, 
sparrow and wood-pecker. 

The population of Orangeburg, by the census of 1840, 
is 18,519. Of these, 6,585 are free, and 11,834 are 
slaves. The district, divided into two parishes, Orange 
and St. Mathew, is entitled to two senators and three 
representatives in the state legislature. 

Agriculture is the chief employment of the people 
The manufactures are few, and confined wholly to do- 
mestics. The productions are, cotton, grain and 
lumber. Indigo was once produced in large quantity in 
this district. It has been superseded almost entirely by 
cotton. Grain and provisions are raised for home con- 
sumption. Cotton and lumber are the only commodities 
which are prepared for sale. Charleston is the market 
for the district. 

Orangeburg is the seat of justice. It was settled first 
in 1735. It is distant from Charleston, by the rail- 
road, eighty miles ; from Columbia, fifty miles. It is 
now a healthy and handsome village, having about 350 
inhabitants. It is well laid out in regular squares, has a 
handsome Court House, Jail, and several tasteful private 
habitations. The old Jail was built in 1770, was con- 
verted into a fortified post by the British, and besieged 
and taken by Sumter, toward the close of the revolution. 
Here lord Rawdon had his quarters when pursued by 
Greene. The village has gone through many interesting 
vicissitudes ; and, lying in the great line of thoroughfare, 
between the sea board and interior, was necessarily the 
scene of many curious events and severe conflicts. A 
free bridge crosses the Edisto near Orangeburg, and 
conducts, among other places, to the Poplar springs, which 
is a salubrious place of summer retreat for the neighbor- 
hood. It is five miles west of the Court House. 



ORANGEBURG DISTRICT. 115 

Totness, another village much frequented in summer, 
lies on the north side of High Hill creek, about three 
miles from the Congaree. It is a lofty elevation, some 
two hundred feet or more above the level of the river. 
The early settlers gathered gold in the neighborhood of 
Totness, but the ore seems to have eluded the search 
of the moderns. 

Murrayville, Lewisville and Gadsden, are small places 
along the line of rail road, which traverses this district 
from Branchville to Fort Motte. These places are rather 
the seeds of future, than already existing villages. 

Fort Motte, also near the line of rail road, stands on 
the northern boundary of the district. It was famous in 
the revolution, for the stout defence which, manned by a 
British garrison, it offered to the army of Marion. The 
patriotic devotion of Mrs. Motte, the owner of the 
property, by whose means it was destroyed and the gar- 
rison overcome, has been already recorded in song and 
story, and presented on the canvass of the artist. 

Education and morals are improving in Orangeburg 
district. Agriculture has received a recent favorable im- 
pulse. There is an increasing taste for letters. Many 
of the planters are highly educated men. The state ap- 
propriates twelve hundred dollars per annum to the free 
schools of the district. The Methodist is the most nu- 
merous religious sect ; next the Baptists and Lutherans. 
There is a congregation or more of Episcopalians. 

Among the eminent men whom Orangeburg has given 
to the state, one of the most distinguished was colonel 
"William Thompson, who, next to Moultrie, was most 
conspicuous in baffling the British in the battle of Sulli- 
van's island in 1776. His residence was at Belleville, 
on the Congaree, opposite Fort Motte. 



PENDLETON DISTRICT. 



PICKENS AND ANDERSON. 



The settlement of Pendleton was slow from 1750 to 
1 763. From that period colonization went on vigorously. 
The Cherokee war, which terminated in the cession of all 
their lands east of the Unacaya mountains, and the close 
of the revolutionary struggle, had the farther effect of in- 
creasing the population of Pendleton. Prior to these 
events, the settlers had chiefly been drawn from the fron- 
tiers of Virginia, Pennsylvania and Maryland. Until 
1798, this district was merged in that of " Ninety-Six." 
It was then erected into an independent judicial district, 
and received its name in compliment to Judge Pendleton. 

Pendleton constitutes the extreme north-west boundary 
of South Carolina, and is the most mountainous district of 
the state. It is bounded on the south-west by the rivers 
Savannah and Tugaloo, which separate it from the state 
of Georgia ; on the north-west by the Chatuga, which 
also divides it from Georgia ; on the north by North Car- 
olina ; on the north-east by the Saluda river, which sep- 
arates it from Greenville ; and south-east by Abbeville 
district. The average length of Pendleton is fifty-one 
miles; breadth thirty-six. It contains about 1,175,040 
square acres ; being, in point of size, the third district of 
the state. 

The face of the country is rolling and agreeably 
diversified, or mountainous and highly picturesque. The 
soil is various, bottomed mostly on red clay, and suscep- 
tible of great use in cultivation. Along the rivers there 
are large bodies of rich bottom lands, with interval tracts 
of pine. The mountain region is the north and west. 
The south and east are hilly, with gentle slopes, and long 



PENDLETON DISTRICT. 117 

Tallies and fertile plains. The soil is adapted to the 
culture of wheat, corn, cotton, barley, oats, hemp, indigo, 
gentian, ginseng, potatoes, &c. The climate is equal to 
any in the world; cold a short period, but stimulating; 
but for the greater part of the year, delightful equally 
for the traveler and laborer. 

The rivers are, the Tugaloo and Seneca, (both branches 
of the Savannah,) the Saluda, Keowee and Chatuga. 
There are several smaller streams, viz: the Jocassee,the 
Toxaway, Chatuga, Chauga, Oconee, Estatoe, Rocky, 
Oolenoe, and numerous creeks, under the various names 
of Big and Little Generositee, Little river, (];ane. White 
Water, Hurricane, Wilson, George's, Brush's, Broad 
Mouth, and Six, Twelve, Eighteen, Twenty-three and 
Twenty-six mile creeks. The district is excellently 
watered. The fish are, shad, cat, perch, suck-fish, &c. 

The timber trees of the uplands are. oak, (post, red, 
black and Spanish,) hickory, blackjack, pine and chest- 
nut. On the creeks and rivers are found, the oak, (white 
and water,) poplar, maple, gum, walnut, fblack and white,) 
cherry, persimmon, beech, &c. The fruits are, the apple, 
peach, pear, plum, cherry, quince, and some varieties of 
grape. The birds and game are such as are to be found 
in the upper districts, and are numerous. The wood- 
pecker migrates north in September and re-appears in 
spring. 

The mountains of Pendleton are numerous and stupen- 
dous. Rocks of granite and gneiss abound. Beds of 
primitive limestone are discovered. The minerals are, 
iron, yellow ochre, pyrites, plumbago, kaolin, talc, 
asbestos, quartz, crystals, &c. The mountains yield a 
thousand objects of the picturesque for the delight of the 
curious : mountains of various shapes, bulk and height ; 
streams of tumbling water; glens, and vallies, and walls, 
calculated to please and amaze the spectator. The Table 
rock is said to be one of the greatest curiosities of its 
class in the world. It rears an almost perpendicular wall 
of solid granite, upwards of a thousand feet from the plain. 
Its sides are fluted by the constant attrition of descending 

11 



118 PENDLETON DISTRICT. 

waters, which glow in the sunbeams like a belt of bril- 
liants. Three sides of this mountain are inaccessible, and 
five cascades may be seen, at the same moment, strug- 
gling over the rocks at its feet. The sides of these 
streams are completely enclosed by a verdant hedge of 
branch and foliage. The ascent to the top is a difficult 
labor. Its summit is clothed with a delightful shade of 
trees and shrubbery. The flat surface on its top is about 
a mile square. The Giant's Stool is the name of a smaller 
rock, which stands in proper relation to his Table. A 
cedar-tree, at the extremity of the mountain elevation, is 
the usual limit of the explorer's progress. From this 
point the view is immeasurably grand and beautiful. 
You stand upon a precipice abruptly down, of one thou- 
sand one hundred feet. The eye takes in a vast extent 
of country — mountains and vallies, cultivated spots, and 
serpentine vallies. The whole district of Greeneville 
is spread before the sight. On the north-west is Brown's 
and Glassy mountain, the Six Mile mountain, and even the 
knob in Laurens district. To the east, in York district, 
King's mountain, famed for Ferguson's defeat, terminates 
the view. The Saluda mountains, Panther's Knob, Caesar's 
Head, Dismal, Sassafras, Estatoe, and Oolenoe moun- 
tains appear in succession ; and to the west, the Currahee 
mountains rise up, in Georgia, bounding the horizon. 

The Sassafras Knob is the highest mountain in South 
Carolina, being three thousand two hundred feet above 
the ocean. The Estatoe river, which waters the beauti- 
ful valley of the same name, rises in its bosom. The 
Jocassee valley has been sung by native poets. It is cel- 
ebrated for its romantic beauties, its rich vallies and 
sparkling waterfalls. There are two splendid cascades 
at the head of the Jocassee valley ; that of Whitewater, 
and that of the main arm of Jocassee river, which, for 
elevation, exceeds that of Niagara. A stream called the 
" Devil's Fork," from the depth of its glens and the 
tangled gloom of its thickets, enters the valley and finds 
its way into the Jocassee river. The Toxaway is 
another lovely stream, full of similarly picturesque beau- 



PENDLETON DISTRICT. 119 

ties, But the whole of this region is of a character to 
reward the traveler who looks for the beautiful in nature. 
The scenery of Switzerland does not surpass it in grace 
or grandeur. 

The population of Pendleton, by the census of 1840, is 
32,849. Of these, 24,451 are free, and 8,898 are slaves. 
Pendleton is entitled, in the state legislature, to one sen- 
ator and seven representatives. For judicial purposes, 
the district has been divided into two parts, Pickens and 
Anderson. Pickens is in the north, and comprehends 
the mountainous parts of Pendleton. The population of 
Pickens is 14,356. Of these, 11,641 are free, and 2,755 
slaves. Anderson contains a population of 18,493, of 
whom 12,810 are free, and 5,683 slaves. Anderson is 
the southern part of Pendleton, with an undulating sur- 
face, but not mountainous. 

Pickens is the seat of justice for the judicial district of 
the same name. It lies on the west bank of the Keowee, 
a small but permanent settlement, with the usual comple- 
ment of public offices. The dwellings are few. It is 
one hundred and forty miles from Columbia and two hun- 
dred and sixty from Charleston. 

Anderson judicial district has a court town of the same 
name, which stands near the head waters of the Gener- 
ositee creek. The buildings, beside the public offices, 
are few. The settlement is still small. The village is 
one hundred and fourteen miles from Columbia and two 
hundred and thirty-four from Charleston. There are 
several villages in both these sections; but they are 
of small size and population. In Pickens there are, 
Pulaski, Pumpkintown and Pickensville ; in Anderson, 
Rock Mills, Centreville and Andersonville. 

The length of Pickens is forty-two miles ; breadth, 
twenty-five. It contains 660,000 acres. Anderson is 
twenty-nine miles long, twenty-seven broad, and contains 
500,000 acres. 

Pendleton, the ancient capital of the district, is pleas- 
antly situated near the waters of Eighteen Mile creek, a 
branch of the Seneca. It contains a splendid Court 



120 PENDLETON DISTRICT. 

House building, a Jail, two houses of public worship, an 
Academy, a newspaper and printing office, a public Li- 
brary and an Agricultural Society ; several fine dwellings, 
and about three hundred inhabitants. The village is a 
particularly pleasant one, and is still a favorite place of 
resort. The scenery in its neigborhood is very interest- 
ing. A beautiful view of the mountains bounding the 
horizon to the north, is obtained from it; a glimpse of 
the valley of Jocassee, the Table mountain, and beyond 
it, the towering summits of Sassafras or mount Estatoe. 
Pendleton, as a summer residence, is doubly attractive 
from its salubrious climate and enlightened society. 

Education in Pendleton has been gradually and con- 
stantly advancing. Her citizens are generally well in- 
formed ; many of them highly so. Two thousand dollars 
are appropriated annually by the state to the support of 
the free schools of the district. The most numerous 
religious sects are, the Presbyterian, Methodist, Bap- 
tist and Episcopalian, 

Agriculture is the chief occupation of the people. 
Charleston and Hamburg are the principal markets. 
There are some small manfacturing establishments. 
Wine has been made, of good quality. Rifles have been 
manufactured. Cenireville was established as a manu- 
facturing village ; but the most important labors of this 
kind are purely for domestic purposes. A beautiful 
porcelain clay has been found on the Keowee. 

Pendleton has given to the state some very distin- 
guished men; among them, generals Pickens and Ander- 
son. The former is the well known partisan warrior, 
famous equally in warfare with the British and Indians. 
General Anderson distinguished himself at Cowpens and 
other places. In this district also lived captain John 
Lynch, supposed to have originated the notorious frontier 
law which still bears his name. 

This district has been the scene of frequent conflict. 
The Cherokee Indians were its occupants at the first 
coming of our ancestors. They were a numerous people. 
Their names are more generally and more properly pre- 



PENDLETON DISTRICT. 121 

served in this than in any other district of the state. 
The remains of their settlements are still frequently to 
be seen. Among these are, Keowee, old and new; 
Seneca, on the river of that name ; Chaugee, on the 
Chauga creek; Oconee, Estatoe, Quacoratchie, Tugaloo, 
Noyauwee and Chickaree. The Jocassee, is the sweet 
Indian name for as sweet a region ; besides these, there 
are names of rivers — the Toxaway, Cheochee, Isundiga, 
Oolenoe, Keshawee, Generositee, and many others. 

The Cherokees were frequently in arms against the 
white settlers, and as frequently defeated. They received 
a terrible defeat from the Carolinians under colonel 
Grant, and another from general Pickens ; for the partic- 
ulars of which see History of South Carolina. Fort 
Prince George, famous for sanguinary events, stood in 
this district, on the left bank of the Keowee. Near the 
town of Etchoe, colonel Grant obtained his victory over 
the Cherokees in 1761. 



ir 



RICHLAND DISTRICT. 



The first settlements by whites, in Richland District, 
were made about the year 1740. These were followed 
by German emigrants. Virginia subsequently furnished 
the chief settlers in the lower parts of the district, in- 
creasing the population largely, after peace was made 
with the Cherokees in 1755. The territory of Richland 
was once in the occupation of this nation of Indians. Its 
name is supposed to have been given it in compliment to 
its rich soils, — the highland swamps which border its 
rivers. 

Richland is nearly equally divided between the prim- 
itive and alluvial regions. It lies in the very heart and 
centre of the state. It is bounded on the south by 
Orangeburg, from which it is separated by the Congaree ; 
on the south and west by Lexington, from which it is 
separated by the Congaree and Broad ; on the east by 
Sumter, from which it is divided by the Wateree ; on the 
north by Fairfield ; and on the north-east by Kershaw 
district. Richland averages thirty miles in length and 
twenty-one in breadth, and is computed to contain 403,200 
acres. 

The face of the country is broken, rising into ledges 
and hills, presenting an undulating and pleasing appear- 
ance. The soil is various ; along the rivers, rich, deep 
and highly fertile. Scarcely inferior in quality are the 
bottom lands of creeks. Next to this are the high, fiat, 
loamy, red lands, such as skirt the Broad river. The 
sand lands, which comprise the largest portion of the 
district, are inferior to these, but not unproductive. The 
low lands contiguous to the rivers are subject to inundation, 
which greatly lessens their intrinsic value. The pro- 
ducts of Richland, like its soil, are numerous, consisting 



RICHLAND DISTRICT. 123 

of cotton, corn, wheat, rye, oats, barley, potatoes, wine, 
(fee. The climate is mild, and the region generally 
healthy. In the neighborhood of the rich bottom lands of 
creeks and rivers, the usual fevers prevail in autumn ; the 
sand hill country, however, is as salubrious as any in. 
the world ; and with health, a fine atmosphere, and 
springs of the most cooling water, they attract numerous 
visitors from less favored sections. 

Richland, bounded by three noble streams, the Conga- 
ree. Broad and Wateree, all navigable the whole extent 
of the district, has numerous advantages, as well of trade 
as agriculture. Steamboats ply to Columbia and Camden. 
Bay boats, batteaux and canal boats are employed beside. 
These three are the only navigable streams. A canal, 
three or four miles in extent, avoids the great falls of the 
Congaree, near Columbia, and overcomes the obstructiyns 
which nature had thrown in the way of its commerce. 
This canal has four locks, is parallel to the river, and 
passes between it and the town. By these locks, which 
are the largest in the state, boats of the largest class may 
ascend into the town. A dam is thrown across Broad 
river, at the upper edge of the town, and is connected 
with the canal by a guard lock. This dam serv^es also 
to join this last canal with that of the Saluda, by which 
the trade of both rivers becomes concentrated at the seat 
of government. The approach to the town of Columbia 
across the Congaree, is effected by a massive bridge, the 
piers and abutments of which are of solid granite, in large 
blocks, raised twenty-eight feet above the bed of the 
river. The river is one thousand three hundred feet 
wide, its bed is a solid rock, and the carriage way to the 
bridije exceeds in length one thousand three hundred and 
fifty feet. The bridge is covered. 

These rivers, the Congaree, Broad and Wateree, are 
the only navigable rivers. There are innumerable smaller 
streams, which irrigate its lands, furnish rich soils alonof 
their borders, and refresh its sand hills. The principal 
of these are. Little river, Upper river, Cedar, Cane, 
Carter's, Colonel's, Lower Cedar, Mills, Tom's, Gill's, 



124 RICHLAND DISTRICT. 

Rice, Spears, Kinsler, and several more still smaller. 
Above the falls of Columbia the Congaree is studded 
with beautiful islands, which furnish a pleasing picture. 
Large quantities of shad and sturgeon, when in season, 
are caught in the Conaaree and Wateree. At all times 
there are trout, bream, perch, red-horse, suck, cat-fish, 
&c. 

Granite is found in abundance along Broad river. 
Freestone has been discovered near the springs of 
Rice creek. Flint and quartz are most abundant. 
Slate and soapstone are found. Masses of ironstone, 
indicating the ore, are to be seen in various places. In 
calcareous matter the district is deficient. 

The timber trees are, pine, oak, (several kinds,) 
hickory, elm, red bay, dogwood, elder, locust, persimmon, 
poplar, sassafras, &c. There are several species of 
native grape, and the grape has been cultivated in this 
district with much success. The fox, summer, winter 
and muscadine are natives. The fruits are, the fig, 
crab-apple, peach, apricot, nectarine, plum, damson, 
cherry, raspberry, strawberry, &c. Other plants and 
trees, naturalized in the district, are, the willow, pride of 
India, palma christi, Lombardy poplar, catalpa, ash, &c. 
The ornamental shrubs, native and naturalized, are also 
numerous. The game are, the deer, fox, rabbit, squirrel, 
wild goose, turkey, pigeon, woodcock, partridge, dove, 
robin, hawk, owl, crow, woodpecker, whippoorwill, &c. 
The singing birds are, the mocking-bird, red-bird, thrush, 
oriole, blue, cat-bird, &c. 

The population of Richland district, by the census of 
1840, is 16,397. Of these, 5,733 are free, and 10,664 
slaves. This shows an increase in ten years of about 
1700. The representation in the state legislature is one 
senator and four representatives. Agriculture is the 
chief employment of the people. Wine has been manu- 
factured with success ; so has paper for printing ; and 
there is a very large manufactory for cotton goods in the 
neighborhood of Columbia, which is in successful opera- 
tion The other manufactures are small and unimportant^ 
^nd intended chiefly for domestic uses. 



RICHLAND DISTRICT. 125 

The principal town of Richland is Columbia, the cap- 
ital of the stale. Columbia lies in latitude 33° 57' N. 
on the east bank of the Congaree, just below the conflu- 
ence of the Broad and Saluda rivers. It is situated upon 
a plain two hundred feet above the bed of the river, in a 
situation equally commanding and beautiful. It is laid 
out in regular squares, divided by streets one hundred 
feet, and sometimes one hundred and fifty feet, in width. 
The town is two miles square. Columbia was incorpo- 
rated in 1787. The legislature first met here in 1790. 
The population is near 4000. 

Columbia is not merely the seat of government for 
South Carolina. It is also her favored seat of learning. 
Here stands the South Carolina College, a well endowed 
home of letters, which has sent forth from its walls s'everal 
of the ablest intellects of which the whole country may 
boast. This institution was established by the legislature 
in 1801, and in 1804 went into operation. The buildings 
are extensive, well built, durable and undergoing expan- 
sion and increase. The state appropriates fourteen 
thousand dollars to the support of t le institution, and 
makes a further appropriation of two thousand dollars 
annually for a college library, which now numbers sev- 
eral thousand volumes, of a rare and select descrip- 
tion. The institution is amply furnished with all the 
necessary means and apparatus for carrying on with 
ease and certainty the processes of a scientific education. 
Three hundred thousand dollars have been appropriated 
to the erection of the necessary buildings, which are all 
of brick. The premises cover altogether about twenty- 
five acres of ground, and are enclosed by a lofty wall of 
brick. The faculty consists of a president, five professors 
and two tutors. The number of students, under the 
present flourishing auspices of the institution, is about 
one hundred and fifty. 

The State House is an inferior building, of wood, 
humble in its architecture, and only tolerably commo- 
dious. A building on an improved plan, and made of 
the granite of which the neighborhood furnishes an 



126 RICHLAND DISTRICT. 

abundance, would seem due to the uses of such a building, 
and the dignity of the state. 

The Lunatic Asylum of the state is in Columbia. It 
is a spacious edifice, fire proofs and of imposing appear- 
ance. The number of patients which it contains, is 
sixty-five. Of these, thirteen are brought from other 
states. 

The Theological Seminary of South Carolina and 
Georgia has been planted in Columbia. The public 
buildings are, a Court House, two Banks, a Town Hall, 
Mason's Hall, Jail, Market House, and numerous hotels. 
There are Baptist, Methodist, Presbyterian, Episcopa- 
lian and Catholic churches, most of which are neat 
architeciural structures. There are several excellent 
academies in Columbia, and in no place in South Car- 
lina is more regard paid to the primary interests of 
religion and education. An appropriation to the free 
schools, of twelve hundred dollars, is made annually by 
the state. 

The town is supplied with good spring water by 
means of steam water works. There is a spacious 
Theatre, but the performances are unfrequent. Several 
societies, agricultural, literary and otherwise, denote the 
mental activity of the people, and promise the richest 
future results. The press issues three newspapers, one 
of which is devoted almost wholly to temperance and 
morals. The others are political. 

Columbia enjoys a considerable trade with the neigh- 
boring country and with Charleston. The terminus of 
the Great Rail Road, which was projected to run from 
Charleston to Louisville, in Kentucky, it is e^ddently 
destined to a farther increase of commercial prosperity. 

The watering places or summer retreats of Richland, 
are usually called villages. Of these, the Rice Creek 
Springs may be mentioned as a place of much resort. It 
is fifteen miles north-east from Columbia. It has an 
excellent school and public house. The air is dry and 
bracing and remarkably cool. 



RICHLAND DISTRICT. 127 

Liglitwood Knot Spring is a similar settlement. It is 
situated on a branch of Jackson's creek, six miles from 
Columbia, Minersville, twelve miles from Columbia, 
has long- been the seat of an Academy, and is equally 
healthy with the former place. The sand ridges are 
generally summer retreats ; cool and shady, having the 
most excellent water, and invariably secure from those 
diseases which prey upon the richer settlement. 

Richland has produced her full complement of eminent 
men. Among these may be enumerated, the Dessaus- 
sures, Hamptons, Taylors ; all of them distinguished as 
worthies of the revolution. Several of her sons acquired 
high reputation for conduct and bravery in numerous 
actions during the same period. The events which have 
taken place within her borders may be found in the 
History of the State. 

Faust's Ford is famous in tradition, as being the old 
Indian track for the Catawba, across the Eswawpuddenah 
or Broad river. It was the secure route during the rev- 
olution for the tory or plunderer needing concealment. 
Below this ford is an extensive range of lofty hills which 
approach the river, on the brow of one of which the 
buffalo lick is still visible. The spot was evidently a 
great range for this forest cattle. Indian antiquities, 
mounds, or tumuli, are found in many places. Cook's 
Mount is a considerable eminence near the Wateree 
river. 



SPARTANBURG DISTRICT. 



Spartanburg first began to be settled about 1750 ; but 
its population did not much Increase until 1770. The 
first settlers were a race of hardy hunters from Virginia, 
Pennsylvania and North Carolina. It was originally a 
part of Ninety-Six district. It received the name of 
Spartanburg after the revolution. 

This district lies in a high and healthy region, forming 
the extreme northern boundary of the state. The face 
of the country is undulating, agreeably diversified by 
hill and dale, mount and plain. The climate is temperate 
and salubrious. 

Spartanburg is bounded on the north by North Caro- 
lina ; on the north-east by York ; on the east and south- 
east by Union ; on the west by Greenville, and on the 
south-west by Laurens and Greenville. Its extent from 
north to south averages thirty-five miles ; from east to 
west thirty miles. It comprises 672,000 square acres. 

The soil is fertile, resting generally on a clay bottom. 
Some of it is gravelly, some stony, but easy of improve- 
ment and producing well. All kinds of grain are culti- 
vated with success. The productions are, corn, cotton 
and tobacco. 

The forest trees are, oak, (white, red and Spanish,) 
pine, poplar, chestnut, black walnut, curled maple and 
wild cherry ; all of which, used for cabinet work, form 
good substitutes for mahogany. The fruit trees are, 
peach, quince, cherry, plum, &c. The birds are few. 
The crow is a native ; there are several kinds of hawk 
and owl ; the turtle dove, quail and sparrow. Pheasants 
occasionally, and wild pigeons in great abundance, are 
found in autumn and winter. The mocking-bird, whip- 
poorwill, and red headed woodpecker, make their appear- 
ance regularly in the spring. 



SJ»ARTANBURG DISTRICT. 129 

The rivers are, the Broad, or Eswawpiiddenah, the 
Pacolet, Enoree, Tyger, or Amoyescheck, &c. The 
smaller streams are, the Cherokee, Serratee, Thicketty, 
Buck, Fairforest, Cane, James, and Ferguson's creeks. 
The Broad river, a little below the line of this district, 
has a good navigation opened to the ocean. The Pa- 
colet has a boat navigation up to its eastern boundary. 
The Pacolet and Enoree are both fine rivers, and may be 
yet considerably improved for the purposes of trade. 
The Pacolet, in this district, divides into two arms, called 
North and South Pacolet, both having their source in the 
mountains. The Tyger river is divided into three chief 
branches, called the South, North and Middle Forks. 
Twenty miles above their junction, these streams are 
scarcely three miles apart, and the two principal, only 
one mile. Fairforest, Dutchman, Fergus, James, and 
Cane creeks are all branches of the Tyger; the 
Thicketty, Cherokee and Serratee creeks are feeders of 
the Eswavvpuddenah. The vallies along these rivers 
afford excellent soil. The ridges are poor. Several 
beautiful cascades occur in these rivers. Those of the 
Pacolet are particularly so. The mountain shoals on the 
Enoree are also curious and beautiful. The waters, in a 
distance of only twenty-four chains, fling themselves 
over a precipice of seventy-six feet. 

In the Pacolet there was, at one time, a great fishery, 
in which were caught, the shad, trout, red-horse, rock 
and cat-fish. 

Spartanburg has a great many fine quarries of granite, 
gneiss, and a kind of freestone. The soapstone, of an 
excellent quality, is inexhaustible in quantity. Some of 
it has been used for the ornamental parts of public build- 
ings ; the caps of columns, for example, of the Green- 
ville Court House. Limestone and marble are abundant, 
and one of the heads of Thicketty creek has its source in 
a fine chalybeate spring, near the quarries of the latter. 
The Limestone Spring near the Cherokee quarry, is a 
place of much resort. 

12 



130 SPARTANBURG DISTRICT. 

Iron ore, in great abundance, is procured and worked 
in this district. The largest mass and richest mines are 
in Thicketty mountain. This is a majestic mound which 
overlooks the country. The Spartanburg iron works are 
now in considerable vogue. The ore is of superior 
quality, and manufactures, though confined to the coarse 
implements, are fully equal to any of foreign production. 
The works now are so improved as to permit the propri- 
etors to contend with the foreign manufacturer, in the 
markets of Charleston and Columbia. Plumbago, or black 
lead, has been discovered on the Cherokee creek. Gold, 
in small quantities, has been found ; as, also, tetanium, 
pyrites, feldspar, talc, &c. Near the Cowpens, is 
Clarke's Iron Factory, which supplies to the markets of 
the state considerable quantities of hollow ware. 

The Sulphur Springs, which have a large local repu- 
talion for numerous virtues, are twelve miles south-east 
of Spartanburg Court House, and near the line of Union 
district. They are particularly recommended for cuta- 
neous affections. The waters of Cedar Spring are also 
famous for their medicinal properties, particularly in 
rheumatism, ulcers, and even in fever and ague. This 
and the Pacolet Springs are places of summer resort. At 
the former village is an excellent Academy ; at both of 
them may be found pleasant society and attractive 
scenery. 

'1 he population of Spartanburg, by the census of 1840, 
is 23,669. Of these, 17,982 are free, and 5,687 are 
slaves. This shows an increase in ten years of 2,500. 
The district is entitled in the state legislature to one 
senator and five representatives. 

The chief employment is agriculture. Manufactures 
are not inconsiderable and are on the increase. Educa- 
tion is rapidly improving. The habits of the people are 
simple, hardy and virtuous, and religion is regarded with 
proper veneration. The Baptist is the most numerous 
sect ; but there are large numbers of Methodists and 
Presbyterians. An annual appropriation of fifteen hun- 
dred dollars is made by the legislature to the free schools 



SPARTANBURG DISTRICT. 131 

of the district. Good schools are frequent and well at- 
tended. 

Spartanburg village is the district town, or seat of 
justice. It is a pleasant village, agreeably situated, 
healthy and flourishing. Its population is about 1000. It 
is distant from Columbia one hundred, and from Charles- 
ton two hundred and twenty miles. It has the usual 
public buildings, Court House, Jail, &;c. 

There are some other small villages, such as Earles- 
ville, and Poolesville. At the latter is a Manual Labor 
School, under the patronage of the South Carolina Pres- 
bytery. 

Spartanburg furnished several very distinguished 
officers in the revolution, and more than one famous bat- 
tle field attests the hardy valor of her people and the toils 
through which they have gone. The Cowpens, which 
is situate about four miles south of the North Carolina 
line, is a name famous in our history for one of the 
severest defeats ever given to a British army. Another 
affair highly honorable to the Americans, took place at 
Greene's Spring, in this district, where colonel Clarke 
of Georgia defeated, with great slaughter, a superior 
force of the British under colonel Dunlap. In this aflfair, 
the Americans were put in preparation for the enemy, 
who expected to surprise them, by the generous courage 
of Mrs. Dillard, a dame of Spartanburg, who rode a young 
horse, without saddle or bridle, at night, to apprise theoa 
of the coming danger. 



SUMTER DISTRICT, 



Sumter was first permanently settled about the year 
1750, chiefly by Virginians. The district was named in 
honor of general Thomas Sumter, of famous memory. 

Sumter lies within the alluvial region. It is bounded on 
the north-east by Lynch's creek, which divides it from 
Darlington ; on the south-east by Williamsburg ; on the 
south-west by the Santee and Wateree rivers, which 
separate it from Charleston, Orangeburg and Richland ; 
and on the north-west by the district of Kershaw. Sumter 
is a very large district, forty-four miles long, thirty-eight 
broad, and containing, by computation, 1,070,080 square 
acres. 

The face of the country, from the east to the centre, is 
level ; thence, towards the north-west, it rises into hills, 
some of which are lofty and picturesque ; all of which 
are salubrious. The soil is generally productive, and 
well adapted to the cultivation of cotton, which is the 
sole staple of the district. It is either a rich black loam, 
or a reddish clay, which is productive also. The tracts 
of sand are sterile and extensive. The productions are, 
cotton, corn, peas, potatoes, wheat, oats, rye, millet, &c. 

The forest trees are, the pine, cypress, sycamore, oak, 
(black and white,) hickory, poplar, magnolia, gum, beech, 
cotton-tree, and a variety of others. Many of these 
trees, the oak, sycamore and cypress, grow to an enor- 
mous size. The beautiful gardenia is a native of this 
district. The fruits are, peach, plum, apple, pear, fig, 
nectarine, &;c. Grapes and berries, of all kinds, are 
abundant. 

The game consists of the deer, turkey, duck, dove, 
partridge, snipe, woodcock, &c. The singing birds are 
numerous, and such as inhabit the similar region of coun- 
try throughout the state. There is also the usual supply 



SUMTER DISTRICT. 133 

of liawks, owls, crows, and woodpeckers ; and the wild- 
cat, fox, opossum, rabbit and squirrel are equally numer- 
ous. 

The Wateree and Santee rivers are navigable, for boats 
of considerable burthen, the whole length of the district. 
The Kaddipah (Lynch's creek) is also traversed, but 
by boats of smaller size. The Wynee, or Black river, 
may be made so. Sumter is well watered beside by nu- 
merous other streams, the lands in the neighborhood of 
which are exceedingly fertile. Such are the Pocotaligo, 
Rafting, Tawcaw, Flungary, Cowpen, Douglas, Savana, 
Hope, Half Way, and Tear Coat. 

The Lakes are, Brevington's, (a curious expanse of 
water,) Scott's, on the Santee, the " Raft," Wood Lake, 
Big Bay, Green Savannah, Mill Bay, and Pine Bluff. 
These are all, with the exception of the last, considerable 
bodies of water, varying in length from one to four miles. 
Black Oak island, bounded by Santee and Little rivers, 
is the south-east corner of the district. 

These rivers and streams are all well provided with 
fish. Shad and sturgeon ascend them in the spring. The 
other fish are, trout, rock, bream, perch, red-horse, suck, 
mud and many others. 

Sandstone is found near the Wateree, and among the 
Santee Hills. The latter is of a soft and crumblinsf na- 
ture ; the former is hard, heavy and mixed with iron. It 
is sometimes found mixed with small shells and fuller's 
earth, and is used for building. At Bloom Hill there is a 
quarry of burrstone ; and in the lower part of the district 
some compact shell limestone. There are several min- 
eral springs. Of these, the most noted is Bradford's. 
The waters are chalybeate, with a little sulphur, and, 
drank freely, prove highly tonic. A remarkable range of 
hills, called the High Hills of Santee, are found in this 
district. They extend to the Kershaw line, a distance of 
twenty-two miles, vary in width, being, in the widest 
parts, about five miles. These hills are healthy places 
of retreat. The soil may be rendered tolerably produc- 
tive by pains-taking cultivation. 

12* 



134 SUMTER DISTRICT. 

Sumter district is subdivided into four counties, viz : 
Clermont, Clarendon, Upper and Lov^^er Salem. It con- 
tains, by the census of 1840, a population of 27,892. Of 
these, 9,017 are free, and 18,875 slaves. This shows a 
slight decrease in ten years. Sumter is entitled to two 
senators and five representatives in the state legislature. 

Agriculture is the chief business of the people. The 
manufactures are almost wholly domestic. Education is 
good and improving. The appropriation of the state, to 
the free schools, is about two thousand dollars. The 
Methodist is the most numerous religious denomination ; 
but there are respectable bodies of most other sects. A 
due regard is every where paid to religion and morals. 
Sumter has more than an usual share of the taste for arts 
and literature. Some of her more wealthy planters ap- 
propriate large sums to these objects. Collections of 
pictures are forming, and the private libraries are frequent 
and select. 

Sumterville is the seat of justice. It is near one of 
the head waters of the Wynee, which might be made 
naviorable to within a short distance of the Court House. 
Sumterville is forty-five miles from Columbia and one 
hundred from Charleston. It has a handsome Court 
House and Jail, two Churches, an Academy, a public 
Library, and issues a weekly newspaper. The popula- 
tion is small. It was founded in ] 800. 

Statesburg, a village of the Hills, beautifully situated 
among them, is four miles east of the VVateree. It is 
a small and unimproving hamlet, founded in 1783, by 
general Sumter. It contains three Churches, (one Epis- 
copalian and two Baptist,) an Academy, a Library and 
an Agricultural Society. The population, like that of 
Sumterville, is also very small — a fact not easily ac- 
counted for, since it stands in a situation of great salu- 
brity, much beauty, and in the centre of a wealthy and 
refined community. 

Bishopville, near the Kaddipah, (Lynch's creek) is a 
very healthy and pleasant hamlet. It is twenty-four 
miles north of Sumterville, is flourishing, does a small 



SUMTER DISTRICT. 135 

but lively business, and contains near two hundred in- 
habitants. It has its Church and Academy, and within 
two miles are two other Churches and several schools. 

Manchester is a decayed town which has not realized 
the expectations of its founders. It is nine miles south 
of Statesburg, and thirteen south-west from Sumter- 
ville. 

On the north bank of the Santee, stands Fort 
Watson, a strong British post in the revolution, besieged 
and captured by Marion in 1781. (See History.) It is 
raised on an ancient tumulus fifty feet high. Tawcaw, 
Nelson's Ferry and other places were the scenes of spir- 
ited actions between the Americans and British during 
this war. 

Sumter has produced several eminent men, among 
whom, most conspicuous, was the celebrated general 
from whom the district takes its name. Other names 
may be referred to with pride by the people of this dis- 
trict. The Richardsons and Mannings have nobly 
served the country in various periods, as well of war 
as peace. 



UNION DISTRICT. 



This district was first settled in 1755, by emiorants 
from Virginia. The treaty of governor Glenn with the 
Cherokee Indians, contributed greatly to increase the 
population. It lies within the granite region of the state ; 
is bounded on the north-east by Broad river, by which it 
is separated from the districts of Chester, York and Fair- 
field ; on the north-west by Spartanburg ; on the south- 
west by the Enoree, which separates it from Laurens ; 
and on the south-east by Newberry, The average length 
of the district is thirty miles ; breadth eighteen. It con- 
tains 345,000 acres. 

The face of the country is hilly ; in the north, moun- 
tainous. Clay, mixed either with rock, gravel or sand, 
is prevalent. On the rivers are considerable bodies of 
low and fertile lands, chiefly of rich clay. The ridges 
which separate water courses are generally of a thin, 
gravelly and sometimes stony soil. The lower parts of 
the district are adapted to the culture of cotton and In- 
dian corn ; the highlands, to wheat, rye, oats, barley, 
peas, pumpkins and potatoes. The finest granite is found 
in this district, particularly adapted to building purposes. 
Iron, lead ore, asbestos, talc, the sulphate of iron, quartz 
and orneiss have also been discovered. 

The forest trees are, the oak, (various species) hickory, 
poplar, maple, black walnut, chestnut, sycamore, birch, 
dogwood, persimmon, locust, beech, ash, <fcc. In small 
number, the short leaved pine. 

The fruits are, the peach, apple, plum, pear, nectarine, 
and the various nuts and berries. Wild grapes are abun- 
dant. 

The game consists of the deer, turkey, fox, raccoon, 
opossum, squirrel, &;c. The birds are, the eagle, hawk, 



UNION DISTRICT. 137 

kingfisher, marten, swallow, wild duck, robin, mocking- 
bird, thrush, cat-bird, woodpecker, jay, red-bird, sparrow 
and several others. 

The Eswawpuddenah, or Broad river, traverses the 
longest line of this district, and is navigable for boats of 
considerable size to the Ninety-Nine islands. Lockhart's 
shoals, which were once an obstruction to this navigation, 
are now overcome by a canal with seven locks. The 
Pacolet, which crosses three fourths of the district, is 
now navio-able to Grindall's shoals, a distance of twelve 
miles. It might be rendered further navigable, if these 
shoals were overcome. The Tyger and Enoree are 
considerable streams, which run parallel with each other 
twenty-six miles, the whole breadth of the district. In 
some places they are only three or four miles apart. A 
little succor from art would render both these streams 
navigable. The Tyger is already so for a distance of a 
few miles. Fairforest, a beautiful stream, is a branch of 
the Tyger, and from its proximity to the Court House, 
and the feasibility of a plan for connecting its waters 
with those of Broad river, it may be considered a very 
valuable stream. It furnishes many fine mill-seats. 
Gilky and Thicketty are two considerable streams, in the 
upper part of the district, which unite before entering 
Broad river. One of the branches of the Thicketty 
rises in a mountain of iron ore, and another in a marble 
and limestone quarry, both in the adjoining district of 
Spartanburg. There are several others of inferior im- 
portance, as Pategets, Tucker and Hacker — waters of the 
Tyger — Brown's, Farmer, People and Cherokee, Mill 
and Sandy, Sugar, Rocky, Buffalo, Beaver Dam and 
Harris — waters of the Fairforest — and Frenchman and 
Elisha, which are tributaries of the Enoree. The dis- 
trict is well watered. 

The fish are, shad, (in season,) trout, rock, cat, red- 
horse, perch, pike, eel, carp, &c. 

The climate is equable, mild, temperate and healthy. 
The fevers are confined to the water courses, and occur in 
autumn only. 



138 UNION DISTRICT. 

By the census of 1840, the population of Union is 
18,936. Of these, 10,582 are free; 8,354 slaves. The 
district is entitled to one senator and four representatives 
in the legislature of the state. 

Union ville is the district town, or seat of justice. It is 
a small town in the centre of the district, in an elevated 
situation, at the head spring of Shoaly creek, a branch of 
the Fairforest, nine miles from Broad river, sixty from 
Columbia and one hundred and eighty from Charleston. 
It contains a handsome Court House of stone, a Jail, 
about thirty houses and three hundred inhabitants. A 
Presbyterian Church and an Academy are among its 
public buildings. There is also a Library, and an Agri- 
cultural Society. 

Pinckneyville, on Broad river, below the mouth of the 
Pacolet, is a pleasant village. Lockhart's canal, which 
overcomes the shoals of Broad river, is within four miles 
south of this settlement. The fall, which is obviated by 
this canal, (which is nearly three miles long,) is, in the 
space of two miles, fifty-one feet. Gowdeyville is the 
name of another small hamlet. 

The chief employment of the people of Union is agri- 
culture. The manufactures are excellent and various, 
but almost wholly for home consumption. The inhab- 
itants are a healthy and improving people. The morals 
and education of the people have, in late years, undergone 
great alteration for the better. In religion, the Metho- 
dist is the most numerous sect, and after them the Pres- 
byterian. The annual appropriaton of the state for 
the free schools of this district, is twelve hundred 
dollars. 

This district was the scene of many spirited events 
in the revolution. Here, near Broad river, Sumter, 
in 1780, defeated a large force of tories. At Mus- 
grave's mills, on the Enoree, in August of the same 
year, colonel Williams defeated another large body 
uuder the command of colonel Innis. In the ensuing 
November, at the Fish Dam Pond, Sumter defeated 



UNION DISTRICT. 139 

Weyms and made him prisoner ; and on the twentieth 
of the same month, obtained the famous victory, at 
Blackstocks,over colonel Tarleton. The Broad, Tyger, 
and Enoree were scenes of frequent conflict between 
the patriots and lories. 



WILLIAMSBURG DISTRICT. 



Williamsburg was settled in 1733, by that mixed 
people, called " the Scotch Irish ;" but the people were 
properly Irish in character, for, with the exception of but 
one man, their descendants took up arms with the whigs 
of the revolution, and formed the nucleus of that famous 
corps, locally known as the brigade of Marion. The 
district was named in compliment to William III, of 
England. 

Williamsburg lies wholly within the alluvial region. 
It is bounded on the south-west by the Santee, which 
separates it from Charleston ; on the north-west by Sum- 
ter ; on the north-east by Lynch's creek and the Great 
Pedee, which divide it from Marion ; and on the south- 
east by the district of Georgetown. It is in length thir- 
ty-seven, breadth thirty miles, and contains about 710,000 
acres. 

The face of the country is level. The uplands 
are sandy, with a clay bottom. The swamp lands are of 
a rich quality. The climate is mild and agreeable, but 
along the water courses and swamps liable to autumnal 
fevers. The chief market production is cotton. Rice, 
corn, wheat and potatoes are also raised in considerable 
quantities. Cattle and hogs are sent in small number to 
the Charleston markets. 

Marine productions are every where found, upon dig- 
ging, in this district. A vein of shell limestone passes 
through it. Along the edge of Sanlee swam.p, about nine 
miles from Gourdin's Ferry, are still to be seen several 
mounds, the work of unknown generations. The waste 
lands of this district are of great extent, valuable chiefly 
as ranges for cattle. But a small extent of swamp land 
is reclaimed, and that is partially liable to freshets. 



WILLIAMSBURG DISTRICT. 141 

The forest tree is chiefly the long leaf pine. Along 
the low lands or in the swamps, are found the cypress, 
ash, beech and tupelo. On the high lands near the 
swamps are oak and hickory. The fruits are, the peach, 
pear, apple, fig, strawberry, haw, melon and many others. 

The game are, the deer, turkey, duck, goose, pigeon, 
&c. The birds are such as may be found in all the dis- 
tricts in the lower part of the state. 

The rivers are, the Santee, Kaddipah, (Lynch's creek) 
Wynee or Black, Pedee and Black Mingo. All of these 
are more or less navigable. The Santee, Kaddipah and 
Wynee are navigable their whole length in the district. 
The Black Mingo, once partially navigable, is now ob- 
structed by refuse timber. The minor streams are nu- 
merous, and valuable, on many accounts, to their several 
neighborhoods. 

All of these waters are well supplied with fish ; trout, 
bream, perch, shad, and herring, when in season. 

The population of Williamsburg, by the census of 1 840, 
is 10,327. Of these, 3,359 are free, and 6,968 slaves. 
The district is entitled in the state legislature to one sen- 
ator and two representatives. The population has in- 
creased 1000 in ten years. 

Agriculture is the chief employment of the people. 
The manufactures are purely domestic. Of religionists, 
the Presbyterian is the most numerous sect, the Meth- 
odist next. The Baptist is respectable in numbers. The 
vices of the district are few. There are no distilleries, 
few drunkards, and gambling is discountenanced. There 
are numerous public and private schools. An appropri- 
ation of about five hundred dollars is annually made by 
the legislature to the free school fund of the district. 

Kingstree is the district town and seat of justice for 
Williamsburg. It is situated on the left bank of Wynee 
river. It takes its name from a single tree, generally left 
upon a spot intended for public purposes, and called the 
king's tree, to designate its official character. The vil- 
lage occupies one of these spots, and the tree, (a white 
pine,) stood near the bridge and on the bank of the river. 

13 



143 WILLIAMSBURG DISTRICT. 

The town is small, contains a few neat buildings, a hand- 
some Court House of brick, a Library, Jail, &c. It is 
eighty miles south-east from Columbia, and seventy-six 
from Charleston. 

New Market, (near Mount Hope Swamp,) and Indian 
Town are hamlets of small population. The remains of 
the Indian town of Old Mingo are still visible, within a 
mile of Indian Town Meeting House. To this village 
the waters of Black Mingo were once navigable. 

Williamsburg has given birth to several highly distin- 
guished men of the revolution ; among whom may be 
mentioned the brave sergeant McDonald, who died at 
Fort Moultrie, with a sentiment of liberty on his lips, 
which alone has preserved his memory. The members 
of the James family were all able soldiers, and staunch 
patriots. Captain Willam McCottry, was a most daring 
partizan, It was in this district that Marion obtained his 
first recruits. Here, too, he effected some of his most 
surprising achievements. Snow's Island and Lake, in 
the eastern part of the district, was one of his choice re- 
treats, to which he retired to recruit, or to elude the en- 
emy, and from which he emerged only to destroy them. 



YORK DISTRICT. 



York was first settled in 1760, by emigrants from 
Pennsylvania and Virginia, Its name is supposed to 
have been derived from York in the former state, from 
whence some of the settlers came. 

York is on the northern boundary line of the state, 
which separates it from North Carolina. The Catawba 
bounds it on the east, and divides it from Lancaster and 
North Carolina. Broad river bounds it on the west, and 
separates it from Spartanburg and Union ; on the south it 
is bounded by the district of Chester. Its average length 
is thirty-three miles ; breadth twenty-one. It contains 
443,520 square acres. 

The soil is mostly clay and well adapted to agricultural 
purposes. The face of the country is diversified, undu- 
lating, of mingled hill and dale, mountain and valley. 
Its rocks and stones are abundant, consisting of granite, 
compact limestone, marble, soapstone, and ironstone. 
The granite and iron ore are in sufficient quantities to 
supply any demand. There is a mountain, two miles in 
circuit, near Hill's old iron works, which is an entire 
mass of iron ore. Here colonel Hill cast cannon and 
shot for the patriots during the revolution. The district 
abounds in excellent clay for bricks, and lime is procured 
at King's Mountain. 

The forest trees are, the various kinds of oak, hickory, 
poplar, chestnut, and some short leaf pine, &c. In 
certain spots the trees are of prodigious growth. One 
remarkable tree, a sycamore, which, at three feet from the 
earth, measures twenty-eight in circumference, stands in 
the north-east corner of the district, near the Little 
Catawba creek. It has three forks or prongs, each equal 



144 YORK DISTRICT. 

to a high tree. Many trees on the Catawba are also of 
immense size. One of them, a sugar-tree, which had 
been several times tapped for the juice, measured, in 
girth, ten feet, or three feet through. 

The fruit trees include several kinds of apples, pears, 
peaches, cherries ; besides chestnuts, shell bark hickory, 
walnuts, &c. The birds are, the partridge, dove, mock- 
ing-bird, crow, hawk and many others. Others appear 
at certain seasons, as the goose, duck, pigeon, whippoor- 
will, &c. 

York is bounded by navigable streams on three sides. 
Broad is navigable for cotton boats up to the Ninety-Nine 
islands. The Catawba is navigable its whole course in 
the district. The other streams are, the Shugau, Crow- 
der, Buffalo, Alison, Turkey, King and Camp, and 
several other creeks. All these streams abound in fish, 
such as shad, (in season,) trout, rock, red-horse, &c. 

York is conspicuous as a region of great healthfulness. 
Its climate is particularly bland and temperate. The 
summer day is. not oppressive, and the summer night ia 
cool and refreshing. The winters are mild. The moun- 
tains protect the country from the cold winds of the 
north-west. Instances of great longevity are numer- 
ous. 

The productions of the country are, cotton, wheat, corn, 
rye and tobacco. The only manufactures are domestic ; 
but these are general and the manufactured commodities 
are good. The white clover and other native grasses are 
abundant in this district. 

By the census of 1840, the population of York is 
18,383. Of these, 11,558 are free, and 6,825 slaves. 
Entitled in the state legislature to one senator and four 
representatives. 

The habits of the people of York are moral and indus- 
trious. The district is provided with good and improving 
schools. The state makes an annual appropriation of 
twelve hundred dollars to this purpose. The most nu- 
merous religious sect is the Presbyterian ; next tha 
Methodist ; then the Baptist and Episcopalian. 



YORK DISTRICT. 145 

Yorkville is the seat of justice. It stands centrally, 
on the dividino- ridore between the Avaters of the Broad 
and Catawba, seventy-five miles from Columbia and one 
hundred and ninety-three from Charleston. Its situation 
is elevated, salubrious and in the midst of the finest 
scenery. It is well laid out in squares, and contains a 
population of six hundred. The Court House is an 
elegant structure of stone and brick. The Jail is a sub- 
stantial building of brick. There are several places of 
worship, one newspaper office, Academies, Taverns, 
Post-office, and all the essentials of a very flourishing 
country town. 

Until lately, the settlements of the Catawba Indians, 
in a narrow territory along the riv^er of their own name, 
were objects of interest and curiosity. These Indians 
have long been the special care of the state, w^ho has 
been, as far as possible, the nursing mother of their de- 
caying fortunes. Recently they have resolved to unite 
the remnant of their tribe with another kindred remnant 
farther north, and in compliance with their desires, the 
state has treated with them for their lands. They were 
once a numerous and brave people, always faithful to the 
whites, and frequently arming in alliance with them. 
They were true to the state in the war of revolution, and 
suffered from all its disasters in the south. Their chief 
village was placed on the right bank of the Catawba, 
twenty-four miles from Yorkville. Their lands were 
good, but, with the indolent habits of their race, they pre- 
ferred hiring them to others, instead of farming them- 
selves. Their decay was inevitable and rapid. They 
were the gr,eat rivals of the Six Nations, who feared 
them and whose territories they frequently invaded. 

King's Mountain is a well known name in the history 
of our revolution, famous for the bloody fight between the 
Americans and British when the latter were defated under 
colonel Ferguson. The battle ground is twelve miles 
north-west of Yorkville, and one hundred and ninety 
miles from Charleston. It is a long stony ridge, one 
mile in length and very narrow at the summit. The British 

13* 



146 YORK DISTRICT. 

occupied the whole extent of this ridge. The Americans 
advanced up the mountain in four bodies. Of the British 
four hundred were slain. The battle lasted the whole 
day. King's Mountain extends about sixteen miles from 
north to south, and its spurs spread laterally in many 
directions. Twelve miles of their extent is in North 
Carolina. The highest peak is estimated to be three 
thousand feet above the level of the ocean. Its summit 
is accessible to man only on one of its sides. King's 
Mountain abounds in marble and limestone. It gives 
birth to many streams. The highest peak of this moun- 
tain is called Crowder's Knob. From this elevated 
precipice bnrsts Crowder's Creek, which, after a course 
of eighteen miles, falls into the Catawba. 

Henry's Knob is a singular and isolated eminence six 
miles east of King's Mountain, from the base of which 
issues a medicinal spring of many virtues.* 

Among the eminent men of York who did good service 
in the revolution, we find the names of Lacey, Hill, 
Bratton, Brannon and Hamright. Lacey was one of the 
leaders of the Americans at King's Mountain, and Brat- 
ton distinguished himself at Houck's defeat. 



APPENDIX. 



AGGREGATE 


POPULATION OF THE STATE. 




DISTRICTS. 


POP. IN 

1830. 
28,149 


Census ofl840. j 


FREE. 


SLAVES. 


FEDERAL 
NUMBERS. 

23,291 


TOTAL. 


Abbeville, 


14,203 


14,203 


29,329 


Barnwell, 


19,236 


10,968 


10,503 


17,267 


21,471 


Beaufort, 


37,032 


6,212 


29,682 


24,021 


35,800 


Charleston, 


86,338 


24,122 


58,539 


59,245 


82,673 


Chester, 


17,182 


10,025 


7,772 


14,658 


17,747 


Chesterfield, 


8,472 


5,703 


2,871 


7,425 


8,574 


Colleton, 


27,256 


6,302 


19,246 


17,850 


25,548 


Darlington, 


13,728 


7,262 


7,560 


11,798 


14,822 


Edgefield, 


30,509 


15,314 


17,538 


25,836 


32,853 


Fairfield, 


21,546 


7,660 


12,505 


15,163 


20,165 


Georgetown, 


19,943 


2,281 


15,993 


11,876 


18,274 


Greenville, 


16,476 


12,534 


5,305 


15,716 


17,839 


Horry, 


5,245 


4,181 


1,574 


5,125 


5,755 


Kershaw, 


13,545 


4,238 


8,043 


9,063 


12,281 


Lancaster, 


10,361 


5,672 


4,235 


8,213 


9,907 


Laurens, 


20,863 


12,673 


8,911 


18,019 


21,584 


Lexington, 


9,065 


7,426 


4,685 


10,237 


12,011 


Marion, 


11,208 


8,681 


5,251 


11,831 


13,932 


Marlborough, 


8,582 


4,290 


4,118 


6,760 


8,408 


Newberry, 


17,441 


8,446 


9,904 


14,389 


18,350 


Orangeburg, 


18,453 


6,585 


11,934 


13,745 


18,519 


Pickens, 


14,473 


11,641 


2,955 


13,414 


14,356 


Anderson, 


17,169 


12,810 


5,683 


16,219 


18,493 


Richland, 


14,772 


5,733 


10,664 


12,142 


16,397 


Spartanburg, 


21,150 


17,982 


5,687 


20,257 


23,669 


Sumter, 


28,277 


9,017 


18,875 


20,342 


27,892 


Union, 


17,906 


10,582 


8,354 


15,594 


18,936 


Williamsburg 


9,018 


3,359 


6,968 


7,539 


10,327 


York, 


17,790 


11,558 


6,825 


15,653 


18,383 


Total, 


581,185 


267,360 


327,158 


462,688 


594,439 


COMPARATIVE VIEW OF THE POPULATION FOR FIFTY YEARS. 


1790. 


le 


!00. 


1810. 


1820. 


1830. 


1840. 


249,073 


34£ 


>,591 


415,115 5 


02,741 


581,185 


594,439 



148 



POPULATION OF 



DIFFERENT CLASSES OF INHABITANTS ACCORD- 


DISTRICTS. 


WHITES. 


FREE 
COLORED. 


SLAVES. 


















CO 




03 




w 






(D 




ID 




OJ 




CO 


B 


o 
13 


a 


C3 


B 




§ 


Qu 


§ 


o 

h 


§ 


OJ 

^ 


Abbeville, 


6,971 


6,909 


149 


174 


7,434 


7,714| 


Anderson, 


6,308 


6,439 


38 


25 


2,783 


2,900 


Barnwell, 


5,.328 


5,205 


207 


228 


5,178 


5,325 


Beaufort, 


2,817 


2,833 


230 


232 


14,180 


15,502 


Charleston, 


10,926 


9,995 


1,343 


1,858 


27,445 


31,094 


Chester, 


4,940 


4,949 


70 


66 


3,750 


3,972 


Chesterfield, 


2,695 


2,842 


88 


78 


1,442 


1,429 


Colleton, 


3,041 


2,833 


205 


223 


9,361 


9,885| 


Darlington, 


3,580 


3,598 


43 


45 


3,667 


3,893 


Edgefield, 


7,617 


7,403 


155 


139 


8,723 


8,806 


Fairfield, 


3,914 


3,673 


39 


34 


6,102 


6,403 


Georgetown, 


1,042 


1,051 


86 


102 


7,580 


8,413 


Greenville, 


6,138 


6,353 


23 


20 


2,587 


2,718 


Horry, 


2,073 


2,081 


23 


4 


754 


820 


Kershaw, 


2.010 


1,978 


127 


123 


3,899 


4,144 


Lancaster, 


2,867 


2,698 


52 


55 


2,113 


2,122 


Laurens, 


6,239 


6,333 


55 


46 


4,463 


4,448 


Lexington, 


3,691 


3,710 


11 


14 


2,285 


^,400 


Marion, 


4,269 


4,324 


43 


45 


2,567 


2,684 


Marlborough, 


2,097 


2,091 


47 


55 


2,076 


2,042 


Newberry, 


4,175 


4,033 


104 


134 


4,810 


5,094 


Orangeburg, 


3,255 


3,066 


136 


128 


5,929 


6,005 


Pickens, 


5,721 


5,827 


51 


42 


1,328 


1,387 


Richland, 


2,794 


2,532 


199 


208 


5,330 


5,334 


Spartanburg, 


8,935 


8,989 


32 


26 


2,821 


2,866 


Sumter, 


4,337 


4,307 


180 


193 


9,206 


9,699 


Union, 


5,313 


5,172 


52 


45 


4,069 


4,285 


Williamsburg, 


1,740 


1)587 


13 


19 


3,435 


3,533 


York. 


5,663 


5,786 
128,588 


58 


51 
4,412 


3,382 


3,443 


Total, 


130,496 


3,864 


158,678 


168,360 



SOUTH CAROLINA. 



149 



ING TO 


THE UNITED STATES CENSUS OF 


1840. 




Deaf, dumb, blind & 
insane white persons. 


pes 

insa 

Q 

3 

Q 

Q 


if, dumb, blind & 
ne col'd persons. 


o (» 

> V 

^> 

CO -r-l 

ri 

O J- 


•£* O 

nd O 


d o 

MS 

O^ CO 

2 S 
J/} o 






n6 

.5 


Insane and 
idiots. 


•rH 


Insane and 
idiots. 


^ be 


> be 


4) 

> bJD 


p 


7 


16 


4 


16 


~4 


15 


9 


1 


11 


412 


1,115 


153 


7 


7 


1 


10 


3 


2 


7 





31 


233 


687 


124 


1 


8 


1 


13 


6 


12 


8 


2 


4 


95 


440 


41 


1 








1 





2 








1 


172 


377 


126 


4 


12 


20 


5 


10 


20 


9 


2 


25 


1,008 


904 


654 


8 


1] 


5 


16 


4 


5 


10 





13 


70 


527 


134 


2 


] 





2 








2 





5 


















3 


2 


7 


5 





1 


112 


365 


277 


6 


4 


7 


12 


5 


6 


9 





7 


149 


305 


65 


8 


6 


3 


10 


4 


3 


5 


3 


28 


65 


152 


79 


























2 


25 


98 


30 





1 











3 


1 








165 


73 


100 


8 


6 


4 


28 


3 


6 


7 





18 


148 


509 


75 


4 


3 





2 


1 


1 


1 


1 





— 


101 


20 


3 








2 


3 











6 


127 


304 


139 


4 


1 


2 


1 


1 


3 


4 





11 


6 


446 


128 


15 


10 


2 


16 


5 


10 


6 


3 


16 


200 


905 


95 


4 








8 








2 





2 


105 


146 


43 


2 


4 


3 


11 


3 


6 


4 


1 


4 


71 


238 


17 


3 


3 


3 


9 





1 


5 





5 


104 


229 


33 


5 


1 





9 


2 


1 


2 





3 


134 


757 


240 


3 


3 





10 


2 


9 


1 





5 


40 


236 


39 


7 


2 





22 





1 


1 


1 


22 


51 


579 


114 


2 


7 


32 


28 





6 


5 





1 


161 


366 


126 


10 


3 


1 


5 





1 





2 


31 


179 


375 


32 





3 





5 


3 


24 


5 





13 


145 


693 


186 


9 


8 


2 


25 


4 


4 


5 





24 


240 


738 


263 


8 


3 


1 


7 


9 


7 


6 





2 


70 


161 


28 


9 


10 





9 


4 


1 


2 


1 
16 


26 
318 


33 


679 


163 


140 


133 


91 


285178 


156 


121 


4,326 


12,520 3,524 



AGGREGATE 

VALUE AND PRODUCE, AND NUMBER OF PERSONS 

EMPLOYED IN 

AGRICULTURE, COMMERCE, MANUFACTURES, &c. 

EXHIBITING A FULL VIEW OF THE 

PURSUITS, INDUSTRY, AND RESOURCES 

OF THE 

STATE OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 

AS COLLECTED UNDER THE ACT FOR TAKING 
THE SIXTH CENSUS. 



152 



AGGREGATE OF THE STATISTICS OF THE STATE 



DISTRICTS. 




AGRICULTURE. 




LIVE STOCK. 




6 






, all kinds, 
;ed value. 




o 




a. 


a5 






O 


c3 




• 1-1 






K 


^ 


m 


in 


Ph <" 


Abbeville, 


9,156 


28,642 


12,973 


54,939 


$25,261 


Anderson, 


5,626 


18,499 


10,387 


36,381 


15,210 


Barnwell, 


5,715 


28,117 


6,201 


47,724 


15,012 


Beaufort, 


4,933 


41,710 


13,751 


28,521 


26,860 


Charleston, 


4,218 


30,060 


11,296 


17,438 


30,495 


Chester, 


5,510 


18,524 


9,831 


31,103 


19,885 


Chesterfield, 


1,920 


9,824 


3,423 


18,834 


4,478 


Colleton, 


4,420 


35,953 


8,975 


35,443 


21,883 


Darlington, 


3,860 


15,438 


6,082 


36,856 


11,121 


Edgefield, 


9,195 


36,339 


15,324 


62,184 


30,188 


Fairfield, 


5,297 


16,021 


6,924 


24,424 


9,949 


Georgetown, 


1,350 


11,200 


3,500 


7,840 


7,150 


Greenville, 


3,542 


11,518 


6,515 


26,452 


8,719 


Horry, 


712 


13,182 


4,857 


22,196 


3,636 


Kershaw, 


2,643 


11,494 


15,984 


2,004 


3,041 


Lancaster, 


2,740 


10,943 


6,165 


15,915 


8,360 


Laurens, 


7,123 


20,475 


13,289 


47,222 


24,085 


Lexington, 


3,627 


15,619 


6,144 


27,198 


10,561 


Marion, 


3,252 


21,909 


8,352 


39,837 


10,104 


Marlborough, 


2,158 


9,374 


2,893 


15,915 


6,079 


Newberry, 


5,908 


19,660 


7,183 


35,666 


14,089 


Orangeburg, 


5,036 


22,507 


3,523 


33,383 


5,364 


Pickens, 


3,847 


14,873 


7,961 


32,566 


9,931 


Richland, 


2,954 


8,878 


3,022 


14,709 


5,206 


Spartanburg, 


7,844 


20,498 


11,104 


31,251 


12,749 


Sumter, 


5,542 


32,961 


8,655 


47,260 


25,372 


Union, 


5,843 


17,063 


7,535 


32,215 


14,225 


Williamsburg, 


1,754 


17,632 


3,183 


29,035 


7,536 


York, 


4,196 


13,695 


7,949 


24,021 

878,532 


9,815 


Total, 


129,921 


572,608 


232,981 


396,354 



OF SOUTH CAROLINA ON THE IsT OF JUNE, 1840. 153 



AGRICULTURE. 



CEREAL GRAINS. 



O 
CO 

d 



o 




rrt 








GJ 


. 


r— 1 


>^ 


C» 


a> 


13 




-Q 


J- 


O 


pq 


O 




^ 





rill . 

<n CO 

O 

6 



o 




tn 








0) 




r^ 


, 


m 


<D 


!3 


>~» 


,0 


P:^ 


O 




o 




^ 





O "^ 

O ^ 



VARIOUS CROPS. 



o 

CO 

O 

Ph 



O 

PH 



93,104 

106,105 

15,889 

5,810 

50 

46,307 

5,859 

3,763 
13,309 
40,295 
22,784 
550 
37,644 

1,720 

4,744 

23,910 

186,296 

28,849 

4,033 

9,276 
57,350 
12,490 
48,815 

3,465 
58,670 

7,125 
61,661 

4,460 
64,021 

968,354 



1,093 



10 



5 

683 

123 

20 



515 

79 



1,129 



25 



50 




104,606 
69,998 
16,700 
40,665 

120,252 
44,561 
16,038 
29,823 
52,477 

120,384 
57,125 
13,180 
49,259 
126 
11,525 
26,371 

175,436 
24,084 
16,416 
22,164 
73,185 
12,357 
91,539 
63,325 
67,615 
54,230 
63,405 
5,224 
44,148 



2,495 

1,511 

4,525 

3,561 

521 

2,385 

853 

390 

4,026 

3,023 

2,136 

50 

2,682 

381 

490 

550 

757 

1,353 

1,417 

708 

577 

3,440 

965 

271 

1,538 

1,578 

2,555 



1,486,208;44,738 
14" 



1,135,834 


15,396 


698,518 


16,545 


670,581 


7,013 


786,570 


38,594 


397,151 


13,735 


714,581 


8,408 


198,100 


3,091 


325,825 


9,462 


457,193 


13,750 


1,068,521 


25,310 


556,055 


10,398 


101,975 


7,000 


418,940 


7,286 


81,641 


4,734 


160,300 


4,850 


308,832 


4,800 


829,473 


14,699 


356,827 


2,286 


377,041 


11,289 


275,999 


3,616 


635,634 


10,307 


477,011 


5,680 


515,215 


12,684 


333,796 


5,436 


722,751 


10,791 


681,977 


14,073 


757,319 


7,899 


200,312 


3,390 


478,833 


6,648 
299,170 


14,722,805 



198 



1,336 
863 

525 

518 

3,000 

87 

100 

1,346 

1,200 



275 

3,478 
21 



1,432 
300 



523 
655 



15,857 



154 AGGREGATE OF THE STATISTICS OF THE STATE 



DISTRICTS. 



AGRICULTURE. 



VARIOUS CROPS. 



CO 

O 



3 
O 



o 



GO 





1 




Ct3 . 


. 


rO n3 


!>^ 


O IX) 


03 


Ph f- 


ffi 


dsof 
gathe 


O 




B o 


o 


o 


H 


Ph 



o 

;=! 
o 
Oh 



Abbeville, 

Anderson, 

Barnwell, 

Beaufort, 

Charleston, 

Chester, 

Chesterfield, 

Colleton, 

Darlington, 

Edgefield, 

Fairfield, 

Georgetown, 

Greenville, 

Horry, 

Kershaw, 

Lancaster, 

Laurens, 

Lexington, 

Marion, 

Marlborough, 

Newberry, 

Orangeburg, 

Pickens, 

Richland, 

Spartanburg, 

Sumter, 

Union, ^ 

Williamsburg, 

York, 

Total, 



26 



25 



15 

4 



14 



93 



38,699 
34,575 
45,952 

486,753 

619,507 
16,252 
21,620 

178,990 
84,812 
62,069 
20,689 

300,000 
18,641 
50,676 
10,080 
13,793 
30,676 
27,733 
61,530 
29,547 
33,460 
74,240 
32,238 
42,584 
2,532 

263,711 
23,930 
60,849 
12,175 

2^98,313 



2 

4,595 
2,135 

121 

1,518 

22 

150 
4,630 

450 

84 
200 

1,231 

1,976 

100 

5,114 

1,753 
537 

24,618 


1,200 

3,875 

395 
400 

1,500 
4,613 

19,825 

1,852 
80 

13,613 

224 
3,942 


51,519 



500 



18,000 

5,629,402 

11,938,750 



415 

5,483,533 

8,000 



36,360,000 



79,769 



24,000 

67,945 

410 

510,670 
250 



368,505 

92,512 
5,200 

60,590,861 



OF SOUTH CAROLINA ON THE IST OF JUNE, 1840. 155 



AGRICULTURE. 



COTTON, Sir.K, WOOD, FAMILY GOODS, &C. 



a 
o 

■(-» 

o . 

O CD 
CO -5 

I— I 

o 



-ixj 


•n 




o 




o 


o § 

o 


^2 

O 'o 


in o 


03 


t3 O 




S^ 


■Ti 


3 


>-i 


O 


o 


cu 


O 



o >-» 

«*H ♦-» 

„ o 






1 1 

M o 


0) 


c^ 


> 




^ 


'^t-l 




O r^ 


"tr '*-• 


cd 


o o 

§5-2 


O 


— ^ 


2§^ 

P* Td o 





i| 

^ nd O 
ct3 rt O 

> SO 



8,526,482 

2,349,050 

2,804,067 

1,544,850 

2,130,224 

1,844,102 

268,122 

420,910 

1,231,985 

7,613,125 

8,159,450 

14,174 

137,765 

40,780 

14,475 

2,647,676 

5,910,368 

454,191 

603,496 

2,446,088 

3,105,107 

878,370 

395,253 

1,281,989 

1,595,303 

2,298,712 

1,612,524 

515,038 

866,594 

61,710,274 



266 


336 


240 


7,333 


25 


120,000 


250 
250 


17,865 


600 




4,692 




350 




3,420 


5,000 




344 


40 


550 




469 




250 


100 


450 




87 


20 


561 


38 


975 


740 






835 




6,480 


96 


140 




334 


15 


30 


2,080 


350 


171,451 



$63,874 



36,174 



15,729 
25,558 
11,781 
36,051 
16,942 
24,060 



5,500 
25,984 
10,442 

8,455 
27,977 
40,578 

7,559 
28,698 
13,650 
20,980 
17,492 
555 
14,466 
15,417 
52,081 
21,807 
15,532 
20,468 

577,810 



$4,936 




1,345 






40 


1,289 


200 


53 




1000 




290 






40 


6,105 




1,025 


156 


18,526 




2,123 


146 


430 


26 


1,376 




953 




3,560 




790 


35 


181 




50 




8,243 


643 


52,275 



$2,1248 
80,444 
44,684 
11,760 

1,220 
52,565 

4,845 
14,486 
28,293 
124,877 
16,528 
550 
30,554 
13,493 

8,255 
26,370 
57,600 
29,031 
35,483 
20,078 
28,453 

8,833 
50,647 

6,172 
76,197 
52,145 
41,851 
17,648 
26,393 

930,703 



156 AGGREGATE OF THE STATISTICS OF THE STATE 



DISTRICTS. 


HORTICULTURE. 


COM- 


GARDENS. 


NURSERIES. 


a 

9 

o 
•5 "2 

E c 

c W) 

"1 

(U 

e 

a 


3 
O 

e 
.2 

E 
6 
o 
W 


V 

x> 

& 

9 
5C 


•♦J 
(» 

• 1-1 

■ i-H 

o 


Val. of produce of 
market gardeners 


Val. of produce of 
nur§'ries& florists 


No. of Men em- 
ployed. 


Capital invested. 


Abbeville, 

Anderson, 

Barnwell, 

Beaufort, 

Charleston, 

Chester, 

Chesterfield, 

Colleton, 

Darlington, 

Edgefield, 

Fairfield, 

Georgetown, 

Greenville, 

Horry, 

Kershaw, 

Lancaster, 

Laurens, 

Lexington, 

Marion, 

Marlborouorh, 

Newberry, 

Orangeburg, 

Pickens, 

Richland, 

Spartanburg, 

Sumter, 

Union, 

Williamsburg, 

York, 

Total, 


$100 

7,670 

30,397 

20 

38,187 




1,057 
1 


$ 


12 


34 

4 
3 


$68,000 




— 




$2,000 
139 






210,960 


27 


3,563,750 






















2 


26,000 








10,300 




























— 










20 


— 
















— 


































































2,139 


1,058 


210,980 


41 


41 


3,668,050 



OF SOUTH CAROLINA ON THE IST OF JUNE, 1840. 157 



MERCE. 


PROD'TS OF FOREST 


Retail dry goods,gro- 
cery &; other stores. 


> 

.5 

"a. 
O 


T3 
en 

^^ 

M 

s 


O 
+-» 
en 

> 

a 

•i-H 

«-» 

O 


1 

S 

V 

CD (U 

s 

o 
6 


£ 

(—1 0) 

o 

O "^ 

o 

> 


CD rj 

bc.2 > 

0) 2 ♦J 


1 
_o 

s 

(X> 

S 
d 


16 


$178,139 








$500 




2 


20 


54,500 












— 


38 


196,450 








30,326 




97 


35 


168,000 


1 


$1,000 


73 


274,900 $2,330 


266 


582 


3,575,100 


10 


75,000 


684 


300 






22 


154,300 






34 








£8 


202,100 






45 








10 


9,700 


— 






47,227 


6,917 


133 


26 


127,000 






18 








39 


205,500 






75 








41 


78,600 


— 












34 


174,775 


— 










— 


36 


104,250 












— 


6 


36,963 


3 




8 


29,0401 


— 


29 


216,000 


1 


24,000 


10 


24,000 




18 


60,000 










— 


28 


116,209 








7,137 




— 


13 


38,800 








78,978 






12 


48,450 








2,460 




10 


17 


99,600 












— 


34 


95,350 


— 




42 






— 


18 


42,100 


— 






16,175 






16 


59.600 






20 


8,564 




— 


15 


177,300 








17,000 




— 


39 


98,700 












— 


35 


66,500 













— 


25 


129,750 






48 






— 


7 


38,500 








1,077 






14 
1,253 


96,500 


14 










508 


6,648,736 


$100,000 


1,057 


$537,684 


$9,247 



158 



AGGREGATE OF THE STATISTICS OF THE STATE 



DISTRICTS. 


MANUFACTURES. | 


MACHINKRY. 


BRICKS & LIME. 


COT- 


1 

G . 

> 


s 

o 

S 
d 


1 
O 

o B 
> 


1 

S 

S >. 

o 

O CI, 

6 


j 
g 

a 
2 >> 

a| 

"o 
n 
c 

3 

z; 


en 

.s 

o 
6 


t^ ^ i 

r— 1 't-' 


Abbeville, 

Anderson, 

1 Barnwell, 

Beaufort, 

Charleston, 

Chester, 

Chesterfield, 

Colleton, 

Darlington, 

Edgefield, 

Fairfield, 

Georgetown, 

Greenville, 

Horry, 

Kershaw, 

Lancaster, 

Laurens, 

Lexington, 

Marion, 

Marlborouorh, 

Newberry, 

Orangeburg, 

Pickens, 

Richland, 

Spartanburg, 

Sumter, 

Union, 

Williamsburg, 

York, 


$500 


2 
11 

11 
3 
5 

5 

19 

5 

66 

127 


$350 


2 


1 




$4,250 


1,308 


31,620 






2,000 

113,890 

1,340 


10 

420 

9 


E 














7,880 

5,500 

21,000 


22 
40 

27 


1 
1 




19,000 
60,000 

72,000 


700 
2,000 














1,964 






4 








700 




1 


120 


25,000 


4,100 

1,000 

720 

2,000 

7,871 

3,200 

4,550 

10,000 




2,212 

1,210 

150 

1,756 

16,690 


92 


1 
1 


5,000 


101,250 
16,000 


17 

9 
400 


2,000 


2,207 
1,056 


42,300 
19,200 


5,800 
11,960 

970 






12 
216 


4 

1 









5 

1,281 


— 




Total, 


S5,561 


193,408 


15 


16355 


359,000 



OF SOUTH CAROLINA ON THE IST OF JUNE, 1840. 159 



MANUFACTURES. 


TON. 1 


LEATHER, TANNERIES, &C. j 


s 

<V 
Oh 
6 


a) 

GO 

> 

a 

•F-l 

o 


5-1 

CD 

S 

"o 

6 


o o 


o B 

. CO 

O 0) 


B 
6 


-^3 

■*-» 
(» 

f> - 

• l-H 

1— H 

•I-l 

Oh 

O 


CO 

a CO 
a ^ 

*J CO 


O "^ 
O 


03 

> 

•r-t 


45 

25 
70 

94 
50 

111 
55 

95 
25 

570 




7 
8 


2,300 
2,080 

5,500 

1,970 

25,020 

5,200 
905 

2,700 

1,700 

1,589 
1,150 
3,410 

1,716 

500 

4,219 

1,000 

1,550 

2,304 

2,050 

355 

800 


3,800 
3,080 

10,500 

2,406 

23,020 

7,300 
3,630 

2,650 

3,200 

2,854 
2,150 
4,222 

2,712 

666 

5,725 

750 

2,270 

4,119 

3,100 

392 

1,040 


1 q «ii 1 nnn 


12 

8 

4 
10 

8 

13 

1 

21 

114 
1 
6 

29 

11 
5 


$5,000 
2,800 


$2,500 
500 

7,000 
3,200 

6,000 

1,703 

904 

100 

12,000 

8,305 
3,450 


$68,000 


17 

16 
,13 

8 

25 
16 

17 
43 

16 

7 

16 

21 
2 
16 
12 
13 

4 


11,700 












2 
6 
3 

4 

8 


30,500 
6,500 
9,200 


10,000 






2,000 

4,000 

15,500 




20,000 
70 000 


18,500 
6,275 










52,000 


7 


11,000 


4,200 


50,000 


4 


13,000 


13,000 
1,000 

7,444 




10 
3 


7,570 

10,700 

680 


100,000 


1,460 

300 

18,366 

2,434 

1,298 


90,000 


4 

7 
1 
8 
5 
7 

O 


9,200 






27,995 
8,000 
7,900 

10,700 
8,670 
1,230 
1,700 




112,450 
55,000 


1,020 

13,650 

5,000 






1,000 




617,450 


97 


68,018 


89,586 


281 


212,020 


243 


109,472 


45,662 



160 



AGGREGATE OF THE STATISTICS OF THE STATE 



MANUFACTURES. 


DISTRICTS. 


SOAP AND CANDLES. 


DISTILL E.| 


No. of pounds of 
Soap. 


No. of pounds of 
tallow candles. 


No. of men em- 
ployed. 


-6 

> 

•r-l 

"&. 

o 


O 

d 


CD 
O 

2 

Oh 
CO 


>> 

S 

a 

d 


Abbeville, 

Anderson, 

Barnwell, 

Beaufort, 

Charleston, 

Chester, 

Chesterfield, 

Colleton, 

Darlington, 

Edgefield, 

Fairfield, 

Georgetown, 

Greenville, 

Horry, 

Kershaw, 

Lancaster, 

Laurens, 

Lexington, 

Marion, 

Marlborough, 

Newberry, 

Orangeburg, 

Pickens, 

Richland, 

Spartanburg, 

Sumter, 

Union, 

Williamsburg, 

York, 










14 
26 

10 
6 

64 
3 
3 
49 
37 
15 
24 


4,325 
15,515 


6 
13 

1 

135 

6 

3 

40 

15 
219 











































































36,042 


11,205 






























3,890 
179 










4,340 
79,307 


1,760 
12,066 












22,299 


61,840 
135,950 
215,202 


8,239 

16,294 

900 




168 


$300 


456 






985 
















34,555 


21,343 








3,012 






6,622 












4,263 


32,303 


14,535 








9,199 










Total, 


586,327 


68,011 


168 


$300 


251 


102,288 



OF SOUTH CAROLINA ON THE IST OF JUNE, 1840. 161 



MANUFACTURES. j 


RI£S. 


EARTHENWARE, &C. 


PRINTING AND BINDING.] 


Capital invested. 


(O 

(O 

o 
6 


Value of manu- 
factured articles. 


a 

o 
<v 

s 

d 


Capital invested. 


O 

o 
bo 

•1— 1 

Oh 


GO 

•-a 

o 
d 


No. of daily news- 
papers. 


No. of weekly 
newspapers. , 


No. of semi & tri- 
weekly newsp'rs. 


«5 

le 
o 

'^ 

.2 

Ph 

d 


S 

a 

B 

6 


$1,650 

788 


— 








8 
1 

2 

1 

2 

1 


— 


__ 


3 

2 

2 

1 

2 

1 

1 


2 


4 


140 
5 

9 

2 

5 

3 






























— 




Pi Q 










1 
1 




































4 


$16,500 


40 


$11,900 














— 




























— 




4,570 


— 












I 


110 


— 














200 










— 


— 








— 





4,695 


1 
2 

1 








500 

1,800 


1 
6 


500 
500 


495 
1,834 








1 — 










500 


2 


50 




14,342 


8!$ 19,300 


49 


$12,950 


16 7 


3 


12 


2 


4 


164 



15 



162 AGGREGATE OF THE STATISTICS OF THE STATE 



MANUFACTURES. 



PRINTING AND BINDING. 



DISTRICTS. 



M 

CD 

> 



o 



CARRIAGES AND WAGONS, 



a 



Ct3 
> 



s 
s 

6 



n3 



'a. 

o 



o 
6 



O 'T3 



O o 



03 

.cq 



Abbeville, 

Anderson, 

Barnwell, 

Beaufort, 

Charleston, 

Chester, 

Chesterfield, 

Colleton, 

Darlington, 

Edgefield, 

Fairfield, 

Georgetown, 

Greenville, 

Horry, 

Kershaw, 

Lancaster, 

Laurens, 

Lexington, 

Marion, 

Marlborough, 

Newberry, 

Orangeburg, 

Pickens, 

Richland, 

Spartanburg, 

Sumter, 

Union, 

Williamsburg, 

[York, 

"Total, 



120,000 



1,000 



5,000 



600 
4,000 



700 



131,300 



$9,800 
3,105 
7,175 



79,500 
2,200 



11,600 



16,100 



2,000 
3,245 
7,595 
1,600 
3,570 
2,800 
4,380 
3,890 
5,075 
1,600 
5,150 
5,100 
10,420 
1,260 
2,105 

189,270 



15 
14 
26 

54 
12 



29 



36 

20 
9 

28 
7 

11 
9 

18 

18 
3 

12 

20 
6 
5 

68 

420 



$1,705 
2,050 
2,735 

91,300 
1,025 



9,600 



1,070 
2,940 
800 
1,227 
2,000 
1,700 

500 
100 
2,700 
2,070 
2,650 
200 
6,318 

132,690 



10 


4,650 


13 


7,770 


7 


880 


3 


3,865 


5 


8,000 


1 




1 


250 


= 


4,556 


8 


1,300 


8 


690 


2 


100 


20 


6,168 


30 


4,579 


6 


1,300 


15 


5,214 


9 


4,050 


6 




5 


3,000 


9 


441 


6 


1,645 


164 


58,458 



OF SOUTH CAROLINA ON THE IST OF JUNE, 1840, 163 



MANUFACTURES. 


1 


MILLS. 


FURNIIURE. 


HOUSES. 1 


a 

O 

d 


c 

ci 
B cr> 

o 3 

o 

> 


6 


♦-» 

> 

.2 
o 


CO 

}-> 

s s 

> 


'-6 

e 

<X) 

6 


Cm 

o 


a 
o 

^ 1 

O C 

. ^ 
o 


o r::^ 

O 3 
O ;3 
^ i 


24 
29 
75 
11 
21 
14 
16 
13 
27 
52 

8 

2 
42 
12 
10 

8 
34 
61 
18 
20 
13 
78 
25 
21 
41 
30 
12 

9 
15 


$50,750 
52,650 

122,320 
43,300 

393,000 
49,600 


86 
40 

285 
54 

216 
38 
67 
19 
92 

178 

10 

68 

20 

6 

66 

83 
50 
29 

312 
70 
70 
70 

125 
19 
18 
31 


$66,500 $35 
53,820 

180,190 30 
34,400 

563,000 10,000 


1 

:: 

207 

12 
5 
3 

4 
3 
6 


$ — 


94 
1 

7 

1 

1 

5 
111 


381 

401 

27 

5 

531 

8 

139 

61 

139 

25| 

4j 
24j 

55 

12; 

348: 

207 

24' 

38; 

8 

4 

41 

13 

328 

8 

1,594' 






130,000 


30,710 
30,800 
42,400 
15,000 


10,350 
2,350 
1,000 

1,870 
1,200 




3,650 

33,800 

825 

22,780 

3,500 

6,500 

58,580 

3,900 

3,370 

31,133 

22,895 

43,245 

20,210 

50,120 

64,062 

20,250 

25,050 










5,000 




2,000 


46,815 

54,000 

9,650 

129,225 




250 




47,725 
43,250 
44,700 






550 


25,700 
64,200 
35,985 
63,135 








35,930 

22,120 

3,973 

14,165 






18,558 

28,250 1,320 




800 


746:1,201,678 


2, 122!l,668,804| 28,155^241 


133,600 



164 



AGGREGATE OF THE STATISTICS OF THE STATE 



MANUFACTURES. 


DISTRICTS. 


HOUSES. 


ALL OTHER MANUFAC's.] 


1 

a 

O Pn 

6 


3 bjo 

O M 

o o 


^- S 
o ^ S 

111 

c3 rt 5 

> s § 


0) 
■«-> 
tn 

Qi 

> 

■4-a 

• 1— ( 

o 


3 s 

•1-1 


Abbeville, 
Anderson, 
Barnwell, 
Beaufort, 
Charleston, 
Chester, 
Chesterfield, 
j Colleton, 
Darlington, 
jEdgefield, 
Fairfield, 
Georgetown, 
Greenville, 
Horry, 
Kershaw, 
Lancaster, 
Laurens, 
Lexington, 
Marion, 
Marlborough, 
Newberry, 
Oranoreburor 
Pickens, 
Richland, 
Spartanburg, 
Sumter, 
Union, 

Williamsburg, 
York. 


50 
65 
32 
30 
908 
25 

11 

187 

42 
26 

7 

137 
1 1 


$48,000 

17,565 

17,325 

20,000 

1,059,200 

16,000 

26,825 

8,000 

125,000 


2,000 
18,100 

14,000 
30,416 

438 

16,060 

1,871 


$1,200 


$84,555 

136,973 

183,475 

44,500 

1,078,630 

42,720 

40,910 

30,800 

84,100 

127,175 


550 
8,000 










19,000 




36,350 
2,550 
2,580 




6,200 
108,800 

46,815 
123,700 

10,970 
158,256 
111,508 

53,960 
135,350 

90,350 












33,400 


9,948 


1 i \j^\j\j\j 

227 24,205 

14,459 
1 Q ^ ^ (\c\ 


2,744 




53 
10 

2 

69 

20 

468 


10,500 
5,000 






60,890 
72,800 
160,030 
143,295 
22,800 
19,988 
37,428 








22,100 
4,870 

16,691 
5,856 




5,000 






Total, 


2,398 1,527,5761 


82,885 


$46,442 


3,216,970 



OF SOUTH CAROLINA ON THE IST OF JUNE, 1840. 165 

MISCELLANEOUS ITEMS, 

OMITTED IN THE PRECEDING TABLES. 



Abbeville. Manufactures. — Value of hardware, cutlery, &c. 
manufactured, $10,000 ; 18 men employed. Value of hats and caps 
manufactured, $100; 1 person employed. 

Anderson. Manufactures. — Value of hats and caps manufactured, 
$1,525; 6 persons employed ; $115 capital invested. 

Beaufort. Mines. — Domestic salt: 400 bushels produced; 1 
man employed; $500 capital invested. Manufactures. — Value of 
medicinal drugs, paints, dyes, &c. manufactured, $4,100 ; 6 men 
employed; $2,100 capital invested. 

Charp.eston. Mines. — Domestic salt: 400 bushels produced. 
Agriculture. — 30,000 lbs. sugar produced. Commerce. — Internal 
transportation : 57 men emjiloyed. Butchers, packers, &c.: 37 
men employed: $110,000 capital invested. Manufactures. — Value 
of tobacco manufactured, $3,500; 7 men employed; $5,000 capital 
invested. Value of confectionary made, $28,083; 109 men employ- 
ed; $85,500 capital invested. Value of ships and vessels built, 
$60,000. 

Chester. Agriculture. — 10 bushels buckwheat produced. 

Chesterfield. Manufactures, — Value of precious metals man- 
ufactured, $3,000 ; 4 men employed. Reeled, thrown, or other silk 
made, 16 lbs. : vahie of the same, $f 



Colleton, Products of the Forest. — Value of skins and furs pro- 
duced, $543. 

Darlington. Fisheries. — 175 bbls. pickled fish ; 15 men em- 
ployed ; $500 capital invested. 

Georgetown. Mines. — Domestic salt: 850 bushels produced ; 
6 men employed; $1,000 capital invested. Manufactures. — Value 
of confectionary made, $1,000; 2 men employed; $600 capital in- 
vested. 

Greenville. Manufactures. — Number of small arms made, 117 ; 
5 men employed. Value of hats and caps manufactured, $500 ; 2 
persons employed; $300 capital invested. Paper mills, 1; value 
produced, $20,000; 20 men employed; $30,000 capital invested. 



166 AGGREGATE OF THE STATISTICS OF THE STATE 

Horry. Products of the Forest. — 705 bbls. tar, pitch, turpentine, 
and rosin. Value of skins and furs, $52. 

Lancaster. Mines, — Gold: 3 smelting houses; value produced, 
$26,543; 45 men employed; $30,000 capital invested. Manufac- 
tures. — Number of oil mills, 19. 

Laurens. Manufactures. — Woolen goods : 2 manufactories ; 
value of manufactures, $1,000; 4 persons employed; $2,300 capi- 
tal invested. 

Lexington. Manufactures. — 50 small arms made ; 2 men em- 
ployed. 

Marion. Products of the Forest. — Value of skins and furs pro- 
duced, $368. Manufactures. — Value of hardware and cutlery man- 
ufactured, $3,465 ; 8 men employed. 

Marlborough. Fisheries. — 250 bbls. pickled fish; 38 men em- 
ployed; $1,117 capital invested. Products of the Forest. — 10 bbls. 
tar, pitch, turpentine, and rosin. 

Nevitberry. Mines. — Granite, marble, and other stone: value 
produced, $1,000 ; 2 men employed ; $500 capital invested. Blan- 
vfactures. — Value of hats and caps made, $45; 1 person employed. 
Value of confectionary made, $250; 1 person employed; $100 
capital invested. 

Pickens. Agriculture. — Buckwheat, 36 bushels, Manufactures . 
— Woolen goods: 2 persons employed; $2,090 capital invested. 
Value of hats and caps made, $1,580; 10 persons employed. 

Richland. Commerce, — Butchers and packers: 2 men employed ; 
$1,809 capital invested. Products of the Forest. — 20 bbls. tar, pitch, 
turpentine, and rosin. 

Spartanburg. Mines. — Cast iron: 2 furnaces; 750 tons pro- 
duced. Bar iron : 3 forges, bloomeries, &c. ; 750 tons produced ; 
400 tons fuel consumed; 135 men employed in mining operations ; 
$2,000 capital invested. Gold; value produced, $1,500 ; 10 men 
employed; $3,500 capital invested. Granite, marble, and other 
stone: value produced, $2,000; 2 men employed. Manufac- 
tures. — Mixed manufactures : value produced, $2,450; 9 persons 
employed. 

Sumter. Commerce. — Internal transportation: 68 men employ- 
ed; Butchers, packers, &c. : 7 men employed, $1,100 capital in- 
vested. Manufactures. — 30 lbs. of reeled, thrown, or other silk 
made; value of the same, $300; 1 male and 3 females employed ; 
$50 capital invested, 



OF SOUTH CAROLINA ON THE IST OF JUNE, 1840. 167 

Williamsburg. Products of the Forest. — Value of skins and 
furs, $262. 

York. Mines. — Cast iron: 2 furnaces; 500 tons produced. 
Bar iron, 6 forges, bloomeries, <fec. ; 460 tons produced ; 5,934 tons 
fuelconsumed; H3 men employed in mining operations; $111,300 
capital invested. Agriculture. — 26 bushels buckwheat. 



TOTAL OF THE FOREGOING. 

Mines. — Cast iron : 4 furnaces : 1,250 tons produced. Bar iron: 
9 forges, bloomeries, &c. ; 1,165 tons produced; 6,334 tons fuel 
consumed; 248 men employed in mining operations; $113,300 
capital invested. Gold: 5smelting houses; value produced, $37,418; 
69 men employed ; $40,000 capital invested. Domestic salt: 2,250 
bushels produced; 7 men employed; $1,500 capital invested. 
Granite, marble, and other stone : value produced, $3,000; 4 men 
employed ; $500 capitul invested. 

Agriculture. — 72 bushels buckwheat ; 30,000 lbs. sugar. 

Commerce. — Internal transportation : 125 men employed. Butch- 
ers, packer's, &c.: 46 men employed; $112,900 capital invested. 

Fisheries. — 425 bbls. pickled fish: 53 men employed; $1,617 
capital invested. 

Products of the Forest. — 735 bbls. tar, pitch, turpentine and rosin. 
Value of skins and furs produced, $1,225. 

Manufactures. — Hardware and cutlery : value manufactured 
$13,465; 26 men employed. Small arms made, 167; 7 men em-> 
ployed. Precious metals: value manufactured, $3,000; 4 men 
employed. Wool: 3 manufactories ; value of manufactured goods, 
$1 ,000 ; 6 persons employed ; $4,300 capital invested. Silk : reel- 
ed, thrown, or other silk made, 45 lbs.; value of the same, $380; 
4 persons employed ; $50 capital invested. Mixed manufactures : 
value produced, $2,450; 9 persons employed. Tobacco: value 
manufactured, $3,500; 7 persons employed; $5,000 capital invest- 
ed. Hats and caps: value made, $3,700; 20 persons employed; 
$315 capital invested. Medicinal drugs, paints, dyes, &c.: value 
manufactured, $4,100; 6 men employed ; $2,100 capital invested. 
Confectionary: value made, $29,-333; 112 men employed; $87,200 
capital invested. Paper: 1 mill; value produced, $20,000; 30 men 
employed; $3,000 capital invested. Ships and vessels built: value, 
$60,000, 



STATISTICS 

OF THE 

EARLY AGRICULTURE AND COMMERCE 

OF 

SOUTH CAROLINA. 



In order to afford a better opportunity for a relative 
estimate of the agricultural and commercial capacities of 
South Carolina, at successive periods, we glean from old 
and official documents, the following statements : 



TABLE I. 

Number of Vessels loaded at the Port of Charleston, S. C.in each year 
from Christmas 1735, to Christmas 1 748, icith the amount of Tonnage, 
Sfc. and the rates of Freight and number of seamen for the three last of 
those years. 



Between Christmas 


Vessels. 


Between Christmas 


Vessels. 


1735 and 1736, 


317 


1740 and 1741, 


246 


1736 " 1737, 


217 


1741 " 1742, 


. 190 


1737 " 1738, 


198 


1742 " 1743, . 


206 


1738 " 1739, 


222 


1743 " 1744, . 


230 


1739 " 1740, 


257 


1744 " 1745, 


208 



From Christmas 1745, to Christmas 1746. 



No. of 

Vessels. 


Whither Bound. 


Ton- 
nage. 


Rates of 
Freight. 


Amount of 
Freight. 


86 
121 

48 


Europe, 
West Indies, 
Northern Colonies, 


10,555 
4,018 
1,720 


£6 10 
4 10 
3 10 


je68,607 10 

18,081 00 

6,020 00 


255 




16,293 




je92,708 10 



16 



170 



EARLY STATISTICS. 



From Christmas 1746, to Christmas 1747. 



No. of 
Vessels. 


Whither Bound. 


Ton- 
nage. 


Rates of 
Freight. 


Amount of 
Freight. 


105 
93 
37 


Europe, 
West Indies, 
Northern Colonies, 


12,714 
4,712 
1,332 


£6 10 
4 10 
3 10 


i::82,628 
21,207 
4,662 


235 




18,758 




£108,497 



From Christmas 1747, to Christmas 1748. 



No. of 

Vessels. 


Whither Bound. 


Ton- 
nage. 


Rates of 
Freight. 

£6 00 
4 00 
3 00 


No. of 
Men. 

769 
499 
241 


Amount of 
Freight. 


68 
87 
37 


Europe, 
West Indies, 
Nor. Colonies, 


8,465 
4,299 
1,189 


je50,790 

16,196 

3,567 


192 




13,953 




1,509 


£'70,553 



TABLE II. 

Exports from Charleston in the year 1739, 



Rice, 

Pitch, 

Turpentine, 

Tar, 

Deer skins, 

Loose do. 

unpacked, 
Indian Corn 

and peas, 
Pine and cy- 
press timber 



71,484 bbls. 
8,095 " 
33 " 
2,734 " 
559 hds. 

1,196 
20,165bush. 
209,190 feet. 



Cedar boards, 3,200 feet. 
Shingles, 42,600 

Cook stoves, 56,821 
Tanned leather, 1,535 
Rosin, 
Sassafras, 
Beef and pork, 
Potatoes, 



45 bbls. 

4| tons. 
539 bbls. 
790 bush 



SHIPS AND vessels. 

Cleared outward, 238 



EARLY STATISTICS. 



171 



TABLE III. 

Exports of South Carolina, from Charleston, 
FROM 1st Nov. 1747 to 1st Nov. 1748. 



Rice, 


55,000 bbls. 


Cypr's boards 


5, 21,000 beef 


Corn, 


39,308 bush. 


55 55 


979 boards 


Barley, 


15 casks. 


Heading, 


13,975 


Oranges, 


296,000 


55 


127,652 feet. 


Peas, 


6,107 bush. 


" pine. 


148,143 "b'rds 


Potatoes, 


700 " 


55 55 


] ,293 boards 


Onions, 


10 casks. 


" plank. 


22 in No. 


55 


200 ropes. 


Baywood plank, 98 " 


Live stock, 


28buirks 


Scantling, 


2,000 feet. 


55 


150 hogs. 


Shingles, 


665,170 in No. 


Beef, 


J, 764 bbls. 


Staves, 


132,567 " 


Pork, 


3,114 " 


Timber, 


4,000 feet. 


Bacon, 


2,200 lbs. 


J) 


9 pieces 


Butter, 


130 casks. 


Walnut, 


739 feet. 


Pitch, 


5,521 bbls. 


55 


60 pieces 


Tar, common 


, 2,784 " 


Empty casks, 


80 hhds. 


" green. 


291 " 


55 


43 tierces 


Turpentine, 


2,397 " 


Hoops, 


3,000 in No. 


Rosin, 


97 " 


Canes, 


800 " - 


Masts, 


9 in No. 


Pumps, 


1 sett. 


Bowsprits, 


8 " 


Beaver skins 


200 lbs. 


Booms, 


6 " 


Calf 


141 in No. 


Oars, 


50 pair. 


Deer, 


720 hhds. 


Indigo, 


134,118 lbs. 


Tallow, 


81 bbls. 


Potashes, 


3 bbls. 


Lard, 


26 casks. 


01 Turpentine, 7 " 


55 


25 jars. 


55 


9 jars. 


Silk, raw. 


8 boxes. 


Cotton Wool, 


7 bags. 


Wax, bees. 


1,000 lbs. 


Sassafras, 


22 tons. 


" myrtle 


700 " 


Boards, 


61,448 feet. 


Leather, tan'd, 10,356 " 


Cedar boards 


, 8,189 " 


Soap, 


7 boxes. 


" plank. 


1,331 " 


Candles, 


34 " 


" posts, 


52 " 


Bricks, 


7,000 in No. 


The total value ofthesi 


? Exports for 


one year : 


In South Carolina currency 

Tn ctprlinrr mnnpv 


- - ^1,129,561 06 00 
. - - - Ifil .^fi5 18 00 



172 



EARLY STATISTICS. 



TABLE IV. 

Exports of Rice for Twenty Years. 
From 1720 to 1729, inclu- 



sive, — ten years, 
From 1730 to 1739, inclu 



264,728 bbls. making 

44,841 tons. 
499,525 bbls, making 
sive, — ten years. ^ 99,905 tons. 

Of these Exports of the last ten years, from 1730 to 
1739, 

83,379 bbls. were sent to Portugal. 
958 " " " Gibraltar. 

3,570 " " " Spain. 

9,500 " (in two years,) France. 

Great Britain, Ireland, and 
the British plantations. 
Holland, Hamburg, and 
Bremen, including about 
Sweden and Denmark. 



30,000 



372,118 
700 



TABLE V. 



Exports of Silk from N. and S. Carolina into Great 
Britain, from 1731 to 1755, inclusive. 



Year. 


Kaic Silk. 


Wrought bilk. 


Year. 

1744 


Rate Silk. 


Wrought Silk. 


1731 




9701bs.wt 




1,035 Ibs.wt. 


1732 




774 " 


1745 




544 " 


1733 




1,015 » 


1746 




929 " 


1734 




943 " 


1747 




1,313 " 


1735 




1,487 " 


1748 


52lbs.wt 


1,772 " 


1736 




1,223 " 


1749 


46 " 


1,772 


1737 




691 " 


1750 


118 " 


1,519 '^ 


1738 




1,111 " 


1751 




2,404 " 


1739 




1,273 " 


1752 




3,365 " 


1740 




1,454 " 


,1753 


11 " 


3,027 " 


1741 




2,798 " 


11754 




2,682 " 


1742 


18ilbs.wt 


1,576 " 


1755 


5i " 


3,416 " 


1743 




1,427 •' 









ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS. 



STATE OF SOUTH CAROLINA. 

MORALS, MANNERS, AND RELIGION. 

Page 18. — 'The Baptists have a Theological Semi- 
nary in Edgefield,' and another in Fairfield called the 
Furman Institute, &c. 

PUBLIC WORKS AND BUILDINGS. 

Page 19.— The Santee Canal is stated to have been 
the first canal ever constructed in the United States. 

DISTRICTS, DIVISIONS. 

Page 28. — In the statement here made, of the districts 
having parochial sub-divisions, that of Sumter was inad- 
vertently omitted. This district has four parishes,— 
Clarendon, Clermont, Upper and Lower Salem. 

On the same page,— In naming St. Thomas as one 
the parishes of Charleston. It should read St. Thomas 
and St. Dennis ; the two being brought into one for po- 
litical purposes. 

ABBEVILLE DISTRICT. 

Page 30.— In giving the boundaries of this district, it 
would be more precise to describe it as bounded on the 
north-west by Anderson, instead of Pendleton. 

Woodville, Abbeville District, formerly Greenwood, 
sixteen miles from the Court House, and thirty-five from 
Aiken, is a healthy village, pleasantly situated on a 
cluster of hills, and recommended highly as a summer 
residence. It has two Academies, one for preparing 
young men for college, the other for the education of 



174 ADDITIONS AND CORRCTIONS. 

young ladies. These institutions are already in posses- 
sion of the suitable buildings and apparatus. The trustees 
have been at considerable pains to furnish a museum, and 
the collection is already well provided with specimens. 
A Lyceum has been instituted, by whose members, lec- 
tures, literary and philosophical, are statedly delivered. 
There is a chapel for divine worship, open to all orthodox 
preachers. 

CHARLESTON DISTRICT. 

Page 48. — In the sentence assigning to Charleston 
district its Senatorial and Representative quota, the error 
has been made, of giving that of the City instead of the 
District. Instead, therefore, of two senators and seven- 
teen representatives, it should be ten senators and 
twenty-seven representatives, according to the following 



table, viz : 






St. Philip and St. Michael, ' 


Senators. 
2 


Representatives. 
17 


St. John's, (Berkley,) ^ 
St. John's, (Colleton,) 




2 
2 


St. James, (Santee,) , 






St. Stephen, 

St. Thomas and St. Dennis, 






St. Andrew, 






St. James, (Goose Creek,) * 






Christ's Church, 







10 27 

CITY OF CHARLESTON. 

Page 53.— In enumerating the various sects of 
churches in Charleston, on this page, we should say, in- 
stead of 'two German,' two German Lutheran. 

FAIRFIELD DISTRICT, 

Page 77.— The Anvil Rock is described erroneously, 
on this page, as ' a remarkably high one.' It should 



ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS. 175 

read, ' a remarkable rock.' Its height is not more than 
fifteen feet. Its character is derived wholly from its 
appearance. 

Page 78. — The population of Winnsboro is put some- 
what too low, and it is fast increasing. It contains ^i;e 
and not three churches, and two or three large and ele- 
gant hotels. 

GEORGETOWN DISTRICT. 

Page. 82 — The trade of Georgetown, foreign and do- 
mestic, before, and for a short time after the revolution, 
was very considerable. 

GREENVILLE DISTRICT. 

Page 85. — The population of Greenville is underrated 
at 900. It is nearer 1500. 

KERSHAW DISTRICT. 

Page 88. — Kershaw is bounded on the south east by 
Sumter ; (not on the north-east ;) on the south-west by 
Richland, {and not on the north-west.) 

LEXINGTON DISTRICT. 

Page 100. — The population of the village of Lexing- 
ton is underrated at 100. It should read 300. 

MARLBOROUGH DISTRICT. 

Page 104. — Here occurs another error in District 
boundaries which the reader will please to correct. 
Marlborough is bounded on the north, north-east and 
north-west by North Carolina ; on the south-east (not 
north-east) by Marion, 



QUESTIONS 

ON THE 

GEOGRAPHY OF SOUTH CAROLINA. 
SOUTH CAROLINA. 

Page Question 

9. 1. How is the state of South Carolina bounded? 

— 2. State its average length and breadth ? 

— 3. How many square miles or acres does it contain ? 

— 4. Into how many classes is its soil divided ? 

— 5. Name them. 

10. 6. Which section is famous for the growth of the finest kinds 

of cotton? 

— 7, How is the climate in each section? 

— 8. What is chiefly produced in the lower and middle sections ? 

— 9. What range of mountains penetrates the north-west corner 

of the slate ? 

11. 10. Name the principal rivers in South Carohna. 

— 11. Which unite in formingthe bay andharbor of Charleston? 

— 12. What peculiarity of the rivers in South Carohna distin- 

guishes them from those of the north ? 

— 13. What is said of the borders of these rivers ? 

12. 14. What is said of the climate of South Carolina? 

— 15. What was the effect of the thunder storm in the city of 

Charleston in 1775? 

— 16. What is said of earthquakes, hurricanes and whirlwinds ? 
14. 17, How much of the state is supposed to be of alluvial 

formation ? 

— 18. How far does this extend ? 

— 19. What is said of the face of the country ? 
1.5. 20. What is the height of Table Mountain? 

— 21. How many nations or tribes of Indians formerly occupied 

the state? 

— 22. Name the chief tribes. 

— 23. Name the inferior tribes. 

— 24. What has become of them? 

— 25. Of which tribe does a remnant still remain ? 
16. 26. What is their present condition ? 

— 27. What regions did these tribes of Indians occupy? 

— 28. Give the population of the state in 1840. 

— 29. Mention the number of white, free colored, aijd slaves. 

17 



178 QUESTIONS. 

Page Question 

16. 30. What is the military force of the state ? 

— 31. What is the government of South Carolina? 

— 32. To whom does the right of suftVage belong ? 

— 33. To whom is the government of the state entrusted ? 

— 34. What is the number of Senators? 

— 35. For how many years are they elected ? 

17. 36. How many members of the House of Representatives ? 

— 37. For how long are they elected ? 

— 38. In whom is the judicial power invested ? 

— 39. Mention the number and names of the courts? 

— 40. Where are they held ? 

— 41. What is the metropolis of the state ? 

— 42. Where does it lie? 

— 43. Wlien was it founded ? 

— 44. What is the population of Charleston ? 

— 45. Which is the capital of the state? 

— 46. Where does it lie? 

18. 47. Where is the College of the state ? 

— 48. When was it established ? 

— 49. What is its present condition ? 

— 50, What is the amount of the annual appropriation to the free 

or public schools of the state ? 

— 51. What are the results of this appropriation'? 

— 52. What is said of the morals and manners of the Carolinians ? 

— 53. What is the religion of the state ? 

19. 54. What is said of the appropriations for internal improve- 

ments ? 

— 55. What is the length of the Santee canall 

— 56. What is the length of the Charleston and Hamburgh Rail 

Road ? 

20. 57. From what is the revenue of the state derived ? 

— 58. What are its ordinary amounts ? 

— 59. What is the debt of the state at this time ? 

— 60. By whom is the fiscal department managed ? 

— 61. What is the penal code ? 

21. 62. How many persons are employed in agriculture in the 

state, according to the statistics of 1840 ? 

— 63. What is said of Agricultural Societies ? 

— 64. What is the influence of the State Agricultural Society ? 

— 65. What have been the staples of Carolina ? 

— 66. Which are now very little cultivated ? 

— 67. What have been her exports beside ? 

— 68. When was rice introduced, and where from? 

22. 69. How many barrels were exported in 1841? 

— 70. In what year was indigo introduced, and from whence ? 

— 71. What amount was exported at the beginning of the rev- 

olution? 

— 72. In what year was cottonfirst cultivated in South Carolina ? 

— 73. How much was exported in 1795 ? 



QUESTIONS. 179 

Page Question 

22. 74. How much in 1839 ? 

— 75. Repeat what is said of the vine, the ohve, and the silk- 

worm ? 

— 76. How much silk was exported in 1760? 

— 77. Repeat what is said of the commerce of South Carolina? 



GENERAL SUMMARY. 

23. 78. When was South Carohna first discovered 1 

— 79. Who claimed her territory ? 

— 80. What was done in 1520 by Lucas Vasquez de Ayllon ? 

— 81. In whatyear did he return, and what was the result? 

24. 82. Where did the colony sent out by France settle ? 

— 83. To what rivers did this colony give names? 

— 84. Wkat became of this colony'? 

— 85. What became of the second colony? 

— 86. In what year did the colony of English emigrants settle at 

Port Royal? 

— 87. To what place did they remove ? 

— 83. When and where did they again remove ? 

— 89. When did the first Indian war take place, and what was its 

effect ? 

— 90. What took place in 1682 ? 

— 91. What in 1690? 

— 92. What military expedition was undertaken in 1702 ? 

— 93. What took place in 1703 ? 

— 94. By whom was an attack made on Charleston in 1706. 

— 95. What was the result? 

25. 96. In what year was the Free School system first established ? 

— 97. What took place in 17 1 2 ? 

— 98. Who defeated the Yemassees in 1715 ? 

— 99. When was the proprietary government thrown off? 

— 100. What took place in 1728? 

— 101. In what year was Charleston half destroyed by fire? 

— 102. When was indigo first planted ? 

— 103. What took place in 1752 ? 

— 104. When was Camden laid out? 

— 105. Name the precincts into which South Carolina was divided 

in 1769. 

— 106. What act was passed in 1774 .'' 

— 107. What took place in 1775? 

— 108. What battle was fought in 1776 ? 

— 109. Who defeated the British at Port Royal? 

— 110. By whom was Charleston beleaguered, and with what suc- 

cess? 

— 111. Who made an assault on Savannah, and what was the 

result? 

26. 112. What battles took place in 1780 ? 



180 QUESTIONS. 

Page Question 

26. 113. What battles took place in 1781 ? 

— 114. When did the British evacuate Charleston? 

— 115, When was Charleston incorporated ? 

— 116. When was Columbia founded as the seat of government ■? 

— 117. When was the present constitution of the state ratified ? 

27. 118. When was the right of primogeniture abolished? 

— 119. How was the state divided in 1798 1 

— 120. What took place in 1800? 

— 121. When was Charleston visited with a dreadful hurricane, 

and what was the effect of it ? 

— 122. In what year was the right of suffrage extended to all 

citizens? 

— 123. When was Hamburg founded ? 

— 124. What events took place in 1822 ? 

— 125. What in 1824? 

— 126. In what year did the legislature pass resolutions against 

the protective system of the United States, as unconstitu- 
tional ? 

— 127. What followed in 1830? 

— 128. What in 1833? 

— 129. When was the State Agricultural Society established ? 

28. 130. Into how many districts is South Carolina divided ? 

— 131. Which of these is divided into two others, and for what 

purpose 1 

— 132. Name the parishes which Colleton contains, 

— 133. Name those contained by Beaufort. 

— 134. Those of Georgetown. 

— 135. Those of Orangeburg. 

— 136. Those of Sumter. {See Appendix^p. 173.^ 

29. 137. What is the number of parishes? 

— 138. How many Congressional districts are there 1 

— 139. Name them. 

— 140. Give the result of the new apportionment by the late act of 

Congress, 



ABBEVILLE DISTRICT. 

30. 141. How is Abbeville Districtbounded? (See Appen., p. 173) 

— 142. What is the soil generally ? 

— 143. Give the length and breadth of the district. 

— 144. State the number of square acres which it contains. 

— 145, Repeat what is said of its climate. 

— 146. What are its principal market productions? 

31 . 147. What is said of its water courses ? 

— 148. What navigable rivers flow through the district ? 

— 149. What was its population in 1820, and in 1840 ? 

— 150. How many senators and representatives is it entitled to ? 

— 151. Which is the chief town and seat of justice ? 



QUESTION'S. 181 

Fage Qxiestion 

31. 152. Mention the-distance of this town from Charleston, and 

from Columbia. 

— 153. How many inhabitants does it contain ? 

— 154. What fortress and village iii this district was conspicuous 

in the war of the revolution "? 

— 155. Where did it stand ? 

32. ]56. Repeat what is said of this fortress? 

— 157. By whom was the fort and surrounding country suddenly 

invaded 1 

— 158. What did general Pickens do ? 

— 159. What took place at Cambridge? 

— 160. When was the first settlement in Abbeville made? 

— 161. From whom is the settlement supposed to have received 

its name ? 

— 162. What religious sect is the most numerous in this district ? 

33. 163. What Seminary is in x\bbeville district? 

— 164< Name the eminent men who were natives of Abbeville. 



BARiNWELL DISTRICT, 

34. 165. How is Barnwell District bounded ? 

— 166. State its length and breadth, and numberof square acres. 

— 167. Repeat what is said of its soil. 

— 168. What are its productions ? 

— 169. How is the face of the country"? 

— 170. By what riv-ers is this district watered? 

35. 171. By what smaller streams? 

— 172. VVhat is said of the climate ? 

— 173. What places of summer resort are famous? 

— 174. What is the population of this district by the last census ? 

— 175. What is said of the increase of its population? 

— 176. How many senators and representatives is it entitled to ? 

36. 177. Name the chief towns in this district. 

— 178. Where is Barnwell village situated? 

— 179, Repeat what is said of Aiken. 

— 180. Repeat what is said of Blackville. 

— 181. What was Barnwell district during the revolutionary war? 

37. 182. Which were the most important settlements at that time ? 
• — 183. What tribe of Indians occupied the neighborhood ? 

— 184. What is said of Silver Bluff? 



BEAUFORT DISTRICT. 

38. 1H5. Where is Beaufort District situated? 

— 186. How is it bounded? 

— 187, Name its length, breadth, and number of square acres. 
« — 188« What four parishes does this district comprise ? 

13* 



182 QUESTIONS. 

Page Question 

38. 189. How is the soil ? 

— 190. What are the numerous islands famous for ? 

— 191. Name some of the most remarkable of these upon the sea- 

coast. 

— 192. Name some between these and the main. 

39. 193. Name the principal navigable water courses. 

— 194. What is said of the Broad? 

•^ 195. How is the face of this district? 

— 196. What is said of the climate ? 

— 197. What has the town of Beaufort always been remarkable 

for? 

40. 198. Name the productions of the district. 

~ 199. Why is Beaufort district remarkable in the history of the 
state ? 

— 200. What colonies settled here in 17521 

— 201. What became of them? 

-^ 202. Where did the English make settlements in 1760 ? 

— 203. Where, and by whom, was a settlement attempted in 1762? 

— 204. VV hat became of this colony ? 

— 205. When was a permanent settlement made? 

— 206. What is the population of this district? 

— 207. To how many senators and representatives is it entitled? 

— 208. Which is the principal town in the district? 
~ 209. Where is this town situated ? 

41. 210. What is its population? 

— 21 1. Which is now, and which was formerly the district town 1 

— 212. What settlement was made by a Swiss colony in 1732 ? 

— 213. Where is Robertville ? 
-~ 214. Where is Pocotaligo ? 

-r- 215. What took place here in 1715? 

— 216. What British fort here was captured by the Americans? 

42. 217. What eminent men were natives of this district. 



CHARLESTON DISTRICT, 

43. 218. How is Charleston District bounded? 
— . 219. What is said of its size ? 

— 220. State its dimensions. 

— 221. Name the most important islands in this district ? 

— 222. Name the principal rivers. 

— 223. By what is the bay and harbor of Charleston formed? 

— 224. How far are the Cooper and Ashley rivers navigable ? 

— 225. Repeat what is said of the Santee river. 

44. 226. Name the inlets and bays. 

— 227. What cape is in this district? 

— 228, In what parish is Copahee sound situated ? 

— 229. What is said of the soil of this district? 

— 230. What are its chief productions? 



QUESTIONS. 183 

Page Question 

4-3. 231. How is the climate of Charleston district? 

46. 232. Give the number and names of the parishes into which this 

district is divided. (See Appendix, page 174. j 

— 233, What is the poijulation of this district 'J 

— 234. Which is the chief city ? 

— 235. What is said of the Neck? 

— 236. Where is Moultrieville ? 

47. 237. By whom was Pinevilie originally settled ? 

— 238. What is said of Charleston city and its environs ? 

48. 239. By whom was the city besieged'? 

— 240. Mention the places in this district famous for bloody battles. 

— 241. Name those conspicuous in its history, 

— 2 42. What is its military strength 1 

— 243. To how many senators and representatives is this district 

entitled? (See Appendix, page 174.) 



CITY OF CHARLESTON. 

49. 244. By whom was it invaded in its infancy ? 

— 24.5. What is said of the situation of the city of Charleston? 

50. 246. How wide is the inner harbor at its mouth? 

— 247. By what fortresses is the harbor guarded ? 

— 248. What is the extent of the outer harbor? 

— 249. How many channels for entrance to the harbor are there ? 
' — 250. Describe these channels. 

51. 251. State the latitude and longitude of Charleston. 

— 252. Give the aggregate population of Charleston City and 

Neck. 

— 253. In what year was Charleston first settled? 

52. 254. When was it incorporated ? 

— 255. What is said of the public buildings ? 

53. 256. How many banks are there in Charleston ? 
~- 357, Give the amount of their united capitals. 

54. 2.58. What is said of the charitable institutions in the city? 

56. 259. In what year was ship building commenced in Charleston? 

CHESTER DISTRICT. 

58. 260. How is Chester District bounded? 

— 261. State its average length and breadth, and number of square 

acres. 
- — 262. Name the rivers. 

— 263. Name the smaller streams which are not navigable. 
-^ 264. What great natural curiosity is mentioned ? 

59. 265. When was this district first settled, and from what does it 

take its name? 
•-" ^QQ. Give the population by the last census. 



184 QUESTIONS. 

Page Question 

59. 2(37. Which is the district town, and where situated? 

60. 268. What mihtary events took place in Chester during the 

revolution ? 



CHESTERFIELD DISTRICT. 

61. 269. By whom was this district settled? 

— 270. How is it bounded 1 

— 271. State its length, breadth, and number of square acres. 

— 272. Which of the streams is navigable, and how far? 

— 273. Name those not navigable. 

62. 274. Give the population of the district. 

— 275. Which is the seat of justice, and where does it lie 1 

— 276. Which is the chief town, and where situated'? 

— 277. What is the population of these two villages? 



COLLETON DISTRICT. 

How is this district bounded ? 

Give its average length and breadth, and number of square 

acres. 
Into what three parishes is it divided? 
Name the most important rivers in the district. 
Name its islands. 

Give the population of the district. 
In honor of whom was the district named ? 
How is its chief town situated ? 
How did the people of Willtown distinguish themselves 

in 1739 ? 
What town in this district was desolated by the Indians in 

1715? 
What eminent men are mentioned ? 
What battles were fought in this district? 



DARLINGTON DISTRICT. 

69. 290. By whom was this district settled ? 

— 291. From whom was its name probably derived ? 

— 292. By what river is it separated from Marlborough district? 

— 293. How is it separated from Sumter and Chesterfield 1 

— 294. How bounded on the south-east ? 

— 295, Give the size of this district. 

70. 296. Name the principal rivers. 

— ' 297. Give the population of this district. 

71. 298. Which is ike seat of justice, and where situated? 



63. 


278. 


— 


279. 


^_ 


280. 


64. 


281. 


— 


282. 


66. 


283. 


— 


284. 


— 


285. 


67. 


286. 


— 


287. 


^^ 


289. 


— 


289. 



QUESTIONS. 185 

EDGEFIELD DISTRICT. 

Page truest! on 

72. 299. By whom was this district chiefly settled ? 

— 300. From whence is its name supposed to have been derived ? 

— 301. How is it bounded? 

— 302. State its length, breadth, and number of square acres. 

73. 303. Which is its chief navigable stream? 

— 304, Which is the next in importance? 

— 305. Name the principal market towns in this district. 

— 306. Give the population. 

74. 307. Which are the chief towns? 

— 308. How IS Hamburg situated ? 

— 309. What is the population of Hamburg? 

— 310. What village in this district is distinguished for its stone ? 

75. 31 1. By what tribe of Indians was Edgefield formerly possessed? 

— 312. Name the eminent men which this district has produced. 

FAIRFIELD DISTRICT. 

76. 313. By whom was this district first settled? 

— 314. How is it bounded ? 

— 315. Give its length, breadth, and number of square acres ? 

— 316. Name the chief rivers in this district. 

77. 317. What other streams are mentioned? 

— 318. Name the tributaries of Broad river. 

— 319. What remarkable rock is in this district? {SeeApp.,p.\'7i.) 

78. 320. What is the population of Fairfield ? 

— 321. Which is the seat of justice, and where situated? {See 

Appendix, page 175.^ 

79. 322. To what tribe of Indians did this district formerly belong? 



80. 


323. 


— 


324. 





325. 


— 


326. 


81. 


327. 


82. 


328. 


— 


329. 


__ 


330. 


— 


331. 





332. 


—^ 


333. 


83. 


334. 





335. 


.— 


336. 



GEORGETOWN DISTRICT. 

Where is the district of Georgetown? 

How is it bounded? 

State its length, breadth, and number of square acres. 

Name the islands, inlets, and rivers. 

What is the population of this district? 

Which is the seat of justice for the district? 

How is it situated ? 

What is its population? 

Wliat is its distance from Charleston, and from Columbia ? 

For what is LaGrange noted ? 

What is said of Georgetown ? 

GREENVILLE DISTRICT. 

Who were the original possessors of this district? 
How is it bounded? 

Give its length, breadth, andnumber of square acres. 
19 



186 QUESTIONS. 

tage Question 

84. 337. What is said of the rivers in this district ? 

— 338. Name the mountains within its limits. 

— 339. What is its population? 

85. 340. Which is the seat of justice for the district? 

— 341. How is its population estimated? (See Appendix, p. 17 6.) 

— 342. How far is it from Charleston, and from Columbia? 

HORRY DISTRICT. 

86. 343. By whom and when was this district principally settled ? 

— 344. From whom does it receive its name ? 
^— ' 345. How is it bounded? 

— 346. State its length, breadth, and number of square acres. 
' — 347. Name the rivers in this district. 

87. 348. What is its population? 

— 349. From what has its population suffered'? 

'— 350. Which is the seat of justice for the district? 

KERSHAW DISTRICT. 

88. 351. By whom was the first settlement made in this district ? 

— 352. From whom does it take it its name ? 

— 353. How is it bounded? (See Appendix, page 175) 

— 354. State its length, breadth, and number ofsquare acres. 

89. 355. Which of its rivers are navigable? 

— 356. Name the other important rivers. 

— ' 357. Where are its most important mineral springs ? 

— 358. What is said of a gold mine in this district ? 

— 359, Give the population. 

— 360. Which is the seat of justice ? 
■ — 361. How is it situated / 

— ' 362. What military events took place in its neighborhood.' 

90. 363. What is its population ? 

— 364. What monument is to be seen in Camden? 

LANCASTER DISTRICT. 

91. 365. Who v^^ere the first settlers in this district, and where did 

they plant their colony ? 

— 366. How is Lancaster bounded 1 

— 367. State its form, length, width, and number ofsquare acres. 

— 368. What is said of the face of this district, and of its soil ? 

— 369. What quarries here have been worked to advantage ? 

— 370. Name the river which bounds the district on its longest side. 

— 371. Name the creeks which may be rendered navigable. 

— 372. By what other streams is the district watered ? 

92. 373. Mention the names of the islands in Catawba river. 
-r- 374. What is the length of Mountain island? 

•— 375. How are the Great Fails of the Catawba described ? 

— 376. What other objects of particular interest are in the district? 



QUESTIONS. 187 

Page Question 

92. 377. For what is Hanging Rocic distinguished ? 

93. 378. What is said of the climate and health of this district ? 

— 379. What is the chief business of the people ? 

— 380. What is the staple production of the district? 
— ' 381. Give the population. 

— 382. What is said of the population for the last twenty yearsl 

— 383. Which is the seat of justice, and when was it laid out 1 

— 384. What is its present population! 

— 38-5. Where is it situated ? 

94. 386. What eminent man was born in this district 1 

LAURENS DISTRICT. 

95. 387. By whom, and when was this district settled? 

— 388. In honor of whom was it named? 

— 389. How is it bounded? 

— 390. State its length, breadth, and number of square acres. 

— 391. What is said of its soil ? 

— 392. What is its principal market production ? 

— 393. Name the rivers and the smaller streams. 

96. 394. Give the population. 

— 395. Which is the seat of justice, and how situated? 

— 396. What is its population? 

97. 397. What is said of education in this district ? 

— 398. Which is the most numerous religious sect ? 

LEXINGTON DISTRICT. 

98. 399. Where were the first settlers of this district from 7 

— 400. What was the original name of this district ? 

— 401. As a tribute to whom, was its present name given ? 

— 402. Where is Lexington district situated? 

— 403. How is it bounded? 

— 404. State its length, breadth, and number of square acres. 

— 405. Where are its most valuable lands .'' 

— 406. What are its chief products ? 

— 407. Name the rivers which border or pass through this district. 

99. 408. Name the creeks. 

— 409. Describe Ruff's mountain. 

100. 410. Give the population of this district. 

— 411. What is the chief occupation of the people ? 

— 412. What is said of the manufactures? 

— 413. Repeat what is said of the climate. 

— 414. Which is the seat of justice for this district? 

— 415. Where is it situated ? 

— 416. State its population (See Appendix, page 175.) 

— 417. Repeat what is said of (iranl)y. 

— 418. Where is Piatt's Springs, and what is said of it ? 

— 419. What is the character of the Academy at this place? 

101. 420. Which is the most numerous religious sect in the district? 



188 QUESTIONS. 

MARION DISTRICT. 

Page Question 

102. 421. By whom and when, was Marion District chiefly settled? 

— 422. In compliment to whom was its name conferred upon it 1 

— 423. How is it bounded ? 

— 424, State its length, breadth, and number of square acres. 

— 42-3. How is the face of this district? 

— 426. Which rivers are navigable. 

103. 427. State the population of this district. 

■ — 428. What increase does this show, for ten years 1 

— 429. Repeat what is said of the climate and health of this district. 

— 430. Which is the district town, and where situated? 

— 431, What is its population ? 

— 432. What is the chief or only occupation of the people ? 

— 433. Which is the most numerous religions sect ? 

— 434. Repeat what is said of revolutionary conflicts in Marion. 

MARLBOROUGH DISTRICT. 

104. 435. By whom was Marlborough District first settled ? 

— 433. When was it erected into an independent judicial district? 

— 437. How is it bounded ? (See Appendix, page 175.J 

— 438. State its length, breadth, and number of square acres. 

— 439. How is the face of this district, and the soil ? 

— 440. Which is the principal river, and how far is it navigable 1 
105.441. What river passes through the south-east corner of this 

district ? 

— 442. Name the streams next in importance. 

— 443. Repeat what is said of the chmate and health of Marl- 

borough. 

— 444. State the population. 

106. 445. What is the chief market product ? 

— 446. Which is the market town ? 

— 447. Which the seat of justice, and where situated? 

— 448. Which was formerly the district town, and what is said 

of it? 

— 449. What distinguished men did this district furnish during 

the revolution ? 

NEWBERRY DISTRICT. 

108.450. By whom, and when was the settlement of Newberry 
District first commenced ? 

— 451. How is Newberry bounded? 

— 452. State its average extent and number of square acres. 

— 453. What minerals are found in this district? 
109. 454. Repeat what is said of its soil. 

— 455. What are the chief productions? 

— 456. Name the two navigable rivers which bound 02 posite 

sides of this district. 



QUESTIONS. 189 

Pnje Question 

109. 457. Name the two rivers next in importance. 

— 458. What is said of them ? 

— 459. Name the other principal water courses. 

110. 460. State the population of the district. 

— 461. What is the chief empoyment of the people? 

— 462. How is the climate? 

— 463. Which is the most numerous religious sect ? 

— 464. Which is the district town, and where is it situated 1 
111.465. How far is it from Columbia and from Charleston ? 

— 466. Repeat what is said of one of the curiosities of this di^strict. 

ORANGEBURG DISTRICT. 

112. 467. In what year did this district receive its first white settlersi 

— 468. By whom was it occupied in 1735, and by whom was this 

name conferred upon it? 

— 469. How is it bounded ? 

— 470. What is its extent from south-east to north-west ? 

— 471. What from south-west to north-east ? 

— 472. What is said of the face of the country ? 

— 473. What of its health and climate ? 

113 474. How are the navigable waters of this district? 

— 475. Which rivers are navigated by steamboats ? 

— 476. Which by small boats and lumber rafts ? 

— 477. What is said of Four Hole Swamp ? 

— 478. Name the other water courses. 

114. 479. Give the population of the district. 

— 480. Into what parishes is it divided? 

— 481. What is the chief employment of the people ? 

— 482. Name the productions of the district, and the market. 

— 483. Which is the seat of justice, and where is it situated ? 

— 484. What is said of its vicissitudes during the revolution ? 

115. 485. Where is Totuess, and what is said of it? 

— 486. For what interesting event is Fort Motte famous ? 

— 487. Which is the most numerous religious sect? 

— 488. What eminent character, of this district, was conspicuous 

in the battle of Sullivan's Island 1 

PENDLETON DISTRICT. 

1 16. 489. What is said of the first settlement of Pendleton District ? 

— 490. When was it erected into an indeiiendent judicial district ? 

— 491. In compliment to whom did it receive its name? 

— 492. How is this district bounded ? 

— 493. State its length, breadth, and number of square acres. 

— 494. How is the face of the country ? 

— 495. What is said of its soil ? 

117. 496. Name the rivers. 

497. Give the names of the smaller streams. 

— 498. What is said of the mountains of Pendleton? 

20 



190 QUESTIONS. 

Page Question 

117. 499. Name the minerals. 

— 500. Describe Table Rock. 

118. 501. Wiiat is said of the view from the summit of this elevation? 

— 502. Name the principal objects to be seen from it. 

— 503. Which is the highest mountain in South Carolina ? 

— 504. What is its height above the ocean ? 

— 505. For what is the Jocassee Valley celebrated ? 
119.506. Give the population of Pendleton district? 

— 507. How is this district divided, and for what ? 

— 508. Give the population of Pickens and of Anderson. 

— 509. In what parts of the district are Pickens and Anderson? 

— 510- Name the seat ofjusticefor the judicial district of Pickens ? 

— .511. Where does it lie ? 

— 512. How far from Columbia, and from Charleston ? 

— 513. Which is the seat of justice for the district of Anderson ? 

— 514. Where is it? 

— 515. How far from Columbia, and from Charleston 1 

— 516. Give the length, breadth, and number of square acres of 

Pickens. 

— 517. Of Anderson. 

— 518. Where is the ancient capital of the district ? 

120. 519. Repeat what is said of the scenery in its neigborhood. 

— 520. Which is the most numerous religious sect in this district? 

— 521. What is the chief occupation of the people ? 

— 522. Which are the principal markets ? 

— 523. What distinguished men has this district given the state ? 

— 524. What tribe of Indians formerly occupied Pendleton? 
121 .525. From whom did the Cherokees receive terrible defeats? 

— 526. Where did Fort Prince George stand? 

— 527, Where was a victory obtained over the Cherokees m 

1761, and by whom? 

RICHLAND DISTRICT. 

122. 528. When was the first settlements made in this district t 

— 529. In what year was peace made with the Cherokees? 

— 530. How is Richland District bounded ? 

— 531. State its length, breadth, and number of square acres. 

— 532. What is said of the face of the country, and of the soil T 

123. 533. How is the climate ? 

— 534. What navigable streams bound the district ? 

— 535. How are the great falls of the Congaree avoided? 

— 536. Name the principal of the smaller streams. 

124. 537, State the population and ils increase in ten years,. 

— 538. What is the chief employment of the people ? 
125.539. Which is the principal town in tiiis district? 

— 540. Where does it lie, and how situated ? 

— 541. In what year was it incorporated? 

— 542. What College is located in Columbia? 

— 543. What appropriations are made for its support ? 



QUESTIONS. 191 

Page Question 

1-25. 544. What is its present number of students? 

126. 545. State the number of patients in the Lunatic Asylum ? 

— 546. What Seminary has been planted in Columbia? 

— 547. How is the town supplied with good spring water ? 

127. 548. Repeat what is said of the eminent men of Richland. 

— 549. For what is Faust's Ford famous 1 

SPARTANBURG DISTRICT. 

128. 550. When was the settlement of this district first begun 7 

— 551 How is the face of the country, and the climate 1 

— 552. How is Spartanburg bounded 1 

— 553. State its length, breadth, and number of square acres. 

— 554. Repeat what is said of its soil, 

129. 555. Name the rivers, and the smaller streams. 

— 556. What is said of the quarries in this district 7 
130. 557. What ore is found in abundance 1 

— 558. What is said of it, and of the iron works in the district 7 

— 559. Slate the population, and its increase in ten years. 

131. 560. Give the district town, and its distance from Columbia and 
from Charleston. 

— 561. What battle fields in this district are mentioned 7 

— 562. How were the Americans apprised of the approach of the 

enemy, in the affair at the latter place 7 

SUMTER DISTRICT. 

132. 563. In what year was Sumter first permanently settled, and by 

whom ? 

— 564. In honor of whom was it named 7 

— 565, How is it bounded 7 

— 566. State its length, breadth, and number of square acres. 

— 567. How is the face of the country, and the soil.? 

— 568. What are the productions.? 

133. 569. Which rivers are navigable, and which may be made so? 

— 570. What other streams water this district.? 

— 571. Name the lakes. 

— 572. Repeat what is said of the High Hills of Santee. 
134,573. Into how many counties is Sumter District divided 7 

— 574. State its population. 

— 575. Which is the seat of justice, and where situated? 
135. 576. What is said of Fort' Watson 7 

— 577. What eminent men has Sumpter produced 7 

UNION DISTRICT. 

136.578. When, and by whom was this district first settled 7 

— 579. Wliat contributed greatly to increase its population 7 

— 580, How is it bounded 7 

— 581. State its length, breadth, and number of square acres. 



192 QUESTIONS. 

Page Question 

]37. 582. Repeat wkat is said of Broad river. 

— 583. What is said of the Tyger and Enoree? 

— 584. Name the other principal streams, and the inferior ones, 
138. 585. Give the population of the district. 

— 586. Which is the district town, and how situated ? 

— 587. Of what spirited events in the revolution was this district 

the scene? 

WILLIAMSBURG DISTRICT. 

140. 588. In what year, and by whom, was this district settled? 

— 589. In compliment to whom was the district named.' 

— 590. How IS it bounded .'' 

— 591. State its length, breadth, and number of square acres. 

— 592. What is its chief market production 1 

— 593. What is to be seen along the edge of Santee swamp 1 
141.594. Name the rivers. 

— 595. Which are navigable their whole length in the district? 

— 595. What is said of the Black Mingo ? 

— 597. State the population of this district. 

— 593. Name the district town, and from what its name is derived. 
152. 599. What distinguished men of the revolution has this district 

given birth to 1 

— 600. Repeat what is here said of Marion and of his operations. 

YORK DISTRICT. 

143. 601. In what year, and by whom, was York district first settled ? 

— 602. How is it bounded 1 

— 603. State its length, breadth, and number of square acres. 

— 604. How is the soil, and the face of the country? 

144. 605. What is said of the Broad and the Catawba rivers.^ 

— 606. Stale the population of this district .' 

— 607. Which is the most numerous religious sect 1 

145. 608. Which is the seat of justice, and how does it stand ? 

— '609. Where was the chief village of the Catawba Indians 1 

— 610. What is said of King's Mountain 1 

— 611. Who defeated the British at this place 1 

146. 612. How many of the British were slain 1 

— 613. What is the height of the highest peak of King's Mountain.' 
■— 614. Who are named of the eminent men of York District 1 



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